Foreign Literature Essay

We are committed to a cosmopolitan and multicultural syllabus. As part of this commitment, all our single-subject students take one module in a foreign literature, studied at least partly in the original language. Modules are normally available in modern Arabic, Old Norse, Anglo-Saxon and Latin, as well as French, German, Italian and Spanish literature. A detailed description of the available foreign literature pathways and modules is sent to new entrants in August. If you’re a combined course student, you don’t have to take a foreign literature pathway, though you will be welcome to do so. Pathways We offer two distinct pathways, leading either to a Literature and Language module (in the second year) or to a Foreign Literature module (in the second and third year). You can choose your pathway based on a combination of your own interests and your prior language learning, either improving your skills in a language you already know or learning a new one. Each pathway offers formal teaching in both language and literature in the second year of study, and the Foreign Literature module extends into the third year. Why study foreign literature? Investigating foreign literature will offer you a different sense of the contexts in which English literature has been produced and studied. Although foreign literatures can (and, on occasion, will) be fruitfully studied in translation, there is no substitute for engaging with a text in its original language. You’ll gain a richer understanding of the text and a particular awareness of the politics of translation, and your understanding of grammar, and developing alertness to vocabulary and ambiguity, will be essential critical skills that will inform your study of English as well. Employers look positively on the language skills our students have added to their CVs, and external examiners have praised their cosmopolitan and sophisticated literary sensibilities. The training provided by the department was fantastic and it really is a major feat being able to read foreign literature in its original language. Steve, English.

Matching Leadership Style to a Situation Essay

MATCHING LEADERSHIP TO A SITUATION Leadership Styles Choosing the Right Style for the Situation From Mahatma Gandhi and Winston Churchill to Martin Luther King and Steve Jobs, there can seem to be as many ways to lead people as there are leaders. Fortunately, businesspeople and psychologists have developed useful, simple ways to describe the main styles of leadership. By understanding these styles and their impact, you can develop your own approach to leadership and become a more effective leader and school head as well. We’ll look at common leadership styles in this article, and we’ll explore situations where these styles may be effective with your people. (Note: The leadership styles in this article are based on several core leadership frameworks.) Adapting Your Approach to Leadership Leadership is not â€Å"one size fits all† thing; often, you must adapt your style to fit a situation or a specific group. This is why it’s useful to gain a thorough understanding of other leadership styles; after all, the more approaches you’re familiar with, the more tools you’ll be able to use to lead effectively. Let’s take a deeper look at some of the leadership styles that you can use. 1. Transactional Leadership This leadership style starts with the idea that team members agree to obey their leader when they accept a job. The â€Å"transaction† usually involves the organization paying team members in return for their effort and compliance. The leader has a right to â€Å"punish† team members if their work doesn’t meet an appropriate standard. Although this might sound controlling and paternalistic, transactional  leadership offers some benefits. For one, this leadership style clarifies everyone’s roles and responsibilities. Another benefit is that, because transactional leadership judges team members on performance, people who are ambitious or who are motivated by external rewards – including compensation – often thrive. The downside of this leadership style is that team members can do little to improve their job satisfaction. It can feel stifling, and it can lead to high staff turnover. Transactional leadership is really a type of management, not a true leadership style, because the focus is on short-term tasks. It has serious limitations for knowledge-based or creative work. However, it can be effective in other situations. 2. Autocratic Leadership Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where leaders have complete power over their people. Staff and team members have little opportunity to make suggestions, even if these would be in the team’s or the organization’s best interest. The benefit of autocratic leadership is that it’s incredibly efficient. Decisions are made quickly, and work gets done. The downside is that most people resent being treated this way. Therefore, autocratic leadership often leads to high levels of absenteeism and high staff turnover. However, the style can be effective for some routine and unskilled jobs: in these situations, the advantages of control may outweigh the disadvantages. Autocratic leadership is often best used in crises, when decisions must be made quickly and without dissent. For instance, the military often uses an autocratic leadership style; top commanders are responsible for quickly making complex decisions, which allows troops to focus their attention and energy on performing their allotted tasks and missions. 3. Bureaucratic Leadership Bureaucratic leaders work â€Å"by the book.† They follow rules rigorously, and ensure that their people follow procedures precisely. This is an appropriate leadership style for work involving serious safety risks (such as working with machinery, with toxic substances, or at dangerous heights) or where large sums of money are involved. Bureaucratic leadership is also useful in organizations where employees do routine tasks (as in manufacturing). The downside of this leadership style is that it’s ineffective in teams and organizations that rely on flexibility, creativity, or innovation. Much of the time, bureaucratic leaders achieve their position because of their ability to conform to and uphold rules, not because of their qualifications or expertise. This can cause resentment when team members don’t value their expertise or advice. 4. Charismatic Leadership/ Pace-setting Leadership A charismatic leadership style can resemble transformational leadership because these leaders inspire enthusiasm in their teams and are energetic in motivating others to move forward. This excitement and commitment from teams is an enormous benefit. The difference between charismatic leaders and transformational leaders lies in their intention. Transformational leaders want to transform their teams and organizations. Charismatic leaders are often focused on themselves, and may not want to change anything. The downside to charismatic leaders is that they can believe more in themselves than in their teams. This can create the risk that a project or even an entire organization might collapse if the leader leaves. A charismatic leader might believe that she can do no wrong, even when others are warning her about the path she’s on; this feeling of invincibility can ruin a team or an organization. Also, in the followers’ eyes, success is directly connected to the presence of the charismatic leader. As such, charismatic leadership carries great responsibility, and it needs a long-term commitment from the leader. 5. Democratic/Participative Leadership Democratic leaders make the final decisions, but they include team members in the decision-making process. They encourage creativity, and team members are often highly engaged in projects and decisions. There are many benefits of democratic leadership. Team members tend to have high job satisfaction and are productive because they’re more involved in decisions. This style also helps develop people’s skills. Team members feel in control of their destiny, so they’re motivated to work hard by more than just a financial reward. Because participation takes time, this approach can slow decision-making, but the result is often good. The approach can be most suitable when working as a team is essential, and when quality is more important than efficiency or productivity. The downside of democratic leadership is that it can often hinder situations where speed or efficiency is essential. For instance, during a crisis, a team can waste valuable time gathering people’s input. Another downside is that some team members might not have the knowledge or expertise to provide high quality input. 6. Laissez-Faire Leadership This French phrase means â€Å"leave it be,† and it describes leaders who allow their people to work on their own. This type of leadership can also occur naturally, when managers don’t have sufficient control over their work and their people. Laissez-faire leaders may give their teams complete freedom to do their work and set their own deadlines. They provide team support with resources and advice, if needed, but otherwise don’t get involved. This leadership style can be effective if the leader monitors performance and gives feedback to team members regularly. It is most likely to be effective when individual team members are experienced, skilled, self-starters. The  main benefit of laissez-faire leadership is that giving team members so much autonomy can lead to high job satisfaction and increased productivity. The downside is that it can be damaging if team members don’t manage their time well or if they don’t have the knowledge, skills, or motivation to do their work effectively. 7. Task-Oriented Leadership Task-oriented leaders focus only on getting the job done and can be autocratic. They actively define the work and the roles required, put structures in place, and plan, organize, and monitor work. These leaders also perform other key tasks, such as creating and maintaining standards for performance. The benefit of task-oriented leadership is that it ensures that deadlines are met, and it’s especially useful for team members who don’t manage their time well. However, because task-oriented leaders don’t tend to think much about their team’s well-being, this approach can suffer many of the flaws of autocratic leadership, including causing motivation and retention problems. 8. People-Oriented/Relations-Oriented Leadership With people-oriented leadership, leaders are totally focused on organizing, supporting, and developing the people on their teams. This is a participatory style and tends to encourage good teamwork and creative collaboration. This is the opposite of task-oriented leadership. People-oriented leaders treat everyone on the team equally. They’re friendly and approachable, they pay attention to the welfare of everyone in the group, and they make themselves available whenever team members need help or advice. The benefit of this leadership style is that people-oriented leaders create teams that everyone wants to be part of. Team members are often more productive and willing to take risks, because they know that the leader will  provide support if they need it. The downside is that some leaders can take this approach too far; they may put the development of their team above tasks or project directives. 9. Servant Leadership This term, created by Robert Greenleaf in the 1970s, describes a leader often not formally recognized as such. When someone at any level within an organization leads simply by meeting the needs of the team, he or she can be described as a â€Å"servant leader.† Servant leaders often lead by example. They have high integrity and lead with generosity. In many ways, servant leadership is a form of democratic leadership because the whole team tends to be involved in decision making. However, servant leaders often â€Å"lead from behind,† preferring to stay out of the limelight and letting their team accept recognition for their hard work. Supporters of the servant leadership model suggest that it’s a good way to move ahead in a world where values are increasingly important, and where servant leaders can achieve power because of their values, ideals, and ethics. This is an approach that can help to create a positive corporate culture and can lead to high morale among team members. However, other people believe that in competitive leadership situations, people who practice servant leadership can find themselves left behind by leaders using other leadership styles. This leadership style also takes time to apply correctly: it’s ill-suited in situations where you have to make quick decisions or meet tight deadlines. Although you can use servant leadership in many situations, it’s often most practical in politics, or in positions where leaders are elected to serve a team, committee, organization, or community. 10. Transformational Leadership/Visionary Leadership Transformational leaders are inspiring because they expect the best from everyone on their team as well as themselves. This leads to high  productivity and engagement from everyone in their team. The downside of transformational leadership is that while the leader’s enthusiasm is passed onto the team, he or she can need to be supported by â€Å"detail people.† That’s why, in many organizations, both transactional and transformational leadership styles are useful. Transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is done reliably, while transformational leaders look after initiatives that add new value. It’s also important to use other leadership styles when necessary – this will depend on the people you’re leading and the situation that you’re in. Conclusion: Three factors that influence which leadership style to use 1.The school head’s personal background: †¢What personality, knowledge, values, ethics, and experiences does the school head have? †¢What does he or she think will work? 2.Teachers being supervised: Teachers with different personalities and backgrounds; The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual teacher and what he or she will respond best to. 3.The organization: The traditions, values, philosophy, school vision and mission, concerns of the organization and all situational factors influence how a school head acts No one style of leadership fits all situations. All situations are different. What you do in one situation will not always work in another. There are many leadership styles from which to choose. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach so it helps to have an understanding of other styles. A leader must use his or her judgment to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example you may need to confront a teacher for inappropriate behavior, but the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective. By learning about the pros and cons of each style, one can adapt an approach to a situation. Also note that the situation normally has a greater effect on a leader’s action than his or  her traits. This is because while traits may have an impressive stability over a period of time, they have little consistency across situations. As a school head he or she must be a Task-oriented Leader to perform best in situations of high and low control, and a Relationship-oriented Leader to perform best in moderate control situations. Behavior is a mirror in which Everyone shows his image.

Mary Rowlandson’s “The Captive” Essay

In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries of America, many settlers and colonists were taken captive by the Native Americans, commonly known as Indians. The Native Americans had many reasons and motives for capturing the settlers or colonists. Captives were often taken to be traded, ransomed, or â€Å"adopted,† which Native Americans did to replace tribal members who had passed or who had been killed. Two very famous captivity narratives are those of James Smith and Mary Rowlandson, whose stories are very different due to their captors, gender, and religion. James Smith was 18 years old when he was captured by the Indians just miles above Bedford. Smith was captured by three Indians, one was a Canasatauga and the two others were Delawares. With the exception of being flogged, Smith’s experiences with the Indians were not terrible. He was essentially treated as an Indian. This stems from the fact that he was adopted by the Natives. James Smith was given man y freedoms. Smith was very trusted by the Indians. They allowed him to hunt with them or on his own, they expected him to act as an Indian, and they also trusted him to take care of them when needed. Smith also had the option to leave whenever he pleased. He did not have to remain with the Indians for the four years, 1755-1759, that he did. These experiences are very different compared to those of Mary Rowlandson. Mary Rowlandson’s hometown of Lancaster, Massachusetts was destroyed by the Indians in King Philip’s War and she was taken captive during the destruction. Mary Rowlandson was captured in 1676 and remained a captive for three months before the requested ransom was paid. Rowlandson had very different experiences from James Smith with the Indians. At her capture, she witnessed the Indians killing or harming many in her family. Rowlandson, herself, suffered a gunshot wound. James Smith was also harmed when first captured by the Indians; however, he had been aided by French doctors. Mary Rowlandson dealt with her gunshot wound on her own. She also had to carry her sick child for six days before the child passed away. Rowlandson was not able to read freely in front of the Indians, she was not given a fair share of th e food, and was often forced to find other Indian tribes to spend the night with, or to receive food from. Rowlandson was sometimes allowed to go and meet with family members who were with neighboring tribes. Compared to James Smith’s experiences, Mary Rowlandson had it tough when she was a captive of the Indians. Gender had a major effect on how the captives were treated. Native Americans often captured women because they were easier to capture, could bring in more ransom, and the Indians also believed that the women would be easier to control. Mary Rowlandson had to make clothes for others in order to either trade with them or to get money that she could then use to obtain food with. James Smith, on the other hand, was able to go out and hunt for the food he needed. The food that he and his fellow Indians gathered was evenly divided amongst the tribe. Rowlandson, however, was treated better by some tribes than the one she was being held captive in. Some Indians from other tribes would offer her food or opportunities to get money or goods that she needed. This was likely due to the fact that women had more powers and were more respected in some Indian tribes. Smith was expected to help and fend for himself while Rowlandson was often provided with food, though it was not a fair share and was often not of the same value that Smith’s was. Overall, Mary Rowlandson was treated disrespectfully, unfairly, and as though she was inferior. Rowlandson had to fight harder to live, as her food was often stolen and her religion, her greatest hope and strength, was frowned upon during her captivity. Religiously, Mary Rowlandson was affected more than James Smith. Mary Rowlandson was very religious. Rowlandson was married to a minister of Lancaster. Mary Rowlandson’s faith and religion were the only things that kept her going during her captivity. The only thing she had to look forward to was reading her bible, though she had to do it secretly because once, her mistress caught her reading it, grabbed it out of her hands, and threw it ou tside. Rowlandson recovered her bible, but from then on she read it more secretly. Mary Rowlandson believed that all of the trials that she survived and the blessings that she received were from God. Rowlandson wrote of leaving her captivity, â€Å"I have been in the midst of those roaring lions and savage bears that feared neither God nor man nor the devil, by night and day, alone and in company, sleeping all sorts together, and yet not one of them ever offered the least abuse of unchastity to me in word or action; though some are ready to say I speak it for my own credit; but I speak it in the presence of God, and to His glory. God’s power is as great now as it was to furnace. Especially that I should come away in the midst of so many hundreds of enemies and not a dog move his tongue.† Mary Rowlandson often quoted bible verses, one being Psalsms 27: â€Å"Wait on the Lord.† Rowlandson used this particular verse to persuade another captive against trying to escape and run away. and metaphorically related her experiences to stories of the bible .Mary Rowlandson depended upon her religion to survive her captivity. Without, her faith, religion, and God, Mary Rowlandson would have had no hope, no reason to go on, or no encouragement to persevere through her captivity. James Smith was not extremely religious. Unlike Mary Rowlandson, James Smith did not depend upon religion to survive his captivity with the Indians. The Indians that Smith was with did not mind him practicing his own religion and they did not force their religion upon him. James Smith was, towards the end of his captivity, traveling with an Indian by the name of Tecaughretanego and his son Nunganey. After Smith laughed at Tecaughretanego’s religious ceremonies, Tecaughretanego said to him, â€Å"Brother,–I have somewhat to say to you, and I hope you will not be offended when I tell you of your faults. You know that when you were reading your books in town I would not let the boys or any one disturb you; but now, when I was praying, I saw you laughing. I do not think that you look upon praying as a foolish thing; I believe you pray yourself. But perhaps you may think my mode or manner of praying foolish; if so, you ought in a friendly manner to instruct me, and not make sport of sacred things.† Smith learned a lot about the Indians’ religion through his experiences with them and learned to respect their beliefs. Though the experiences of James Smith and Mary Rowlandson were very different, neither story will ever be forgotten. Perhaps that was their purpose for recording their exploits. The differences in their stories can be attributed to their sex, religion, and captors. Had Mary Rowlandson not been female, religious, or captured by the Indians she was, her story may have been very different. Also, for James Smith, had he not been male or taken by the Indians he was his story would have been completely altered. The qualities, beliefs, and characteristics of Mary Rowlandson and James Smith were essentially what saved their lives.

Entrepreneurship and Business Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Entrepreneurship and Business Creation - Essay Example Business models are the details that a company uses to work on its product and operations. The segments that compose of the business model focus on all aspects of the business which even go into the depth of the financial activities and managing operations. (Tatum). When working on developing a business model, six major components are mostly the key instruments to the development. The value proposition is a description of the customers’ problem and how the product addresses that problem. It bases itself on the value that customers’ perceive out of it. Market segment is the group of customers that the company has to target. Adding an innovative edge in the product is what builds on to make the product a potential hit in another segment of the market. The value chain structure also needs to be considered as an important part on how the firm will capture a section of its value. The financial activities are an important segment as well along with understanding the position that the competition has. The last segment that a business model focuses on is building a competitive strategy which will have its core focus on the competitive advantage. (The Business Model). ... nufacturing facilities, the defining production process and allowing for the labor to produce the products all sum up the parts of the business model. (Tatum). The business model also needs to pay emphasis to the external factors. An identification of the target market influences the effort that the firm focuses on its marketing and sales efforts of the company; these too need to be strategically managed so that the cost of production of an individual product does that increase too much. Basing the operations of the firm on this model helps them maintain a focus on their core mission and objective. (Tatum). Proper evolution of the business model after experience shows that the company has gained experience is implementing it into the operations. In simple words, the business model describes a rationale of how an organization decides to create, deliver and capture and maintain its value. (Osterwalder). 2. As An Entrepreneur, What Do You Understand By The Seven Domains Model? Please Ex plain How You Will Apply The Seven Domains When Evaluating A Viable Business Opportunity? The seven domains model are discussed and acted upon everyday by entrepreneurs and managers unconsciously. These domains are all connected to each other and every domain makes the other even more valuable. Frequently, the understanding of these domains revolves around the human resource section of a company and how they implement them. The seven domains model mainly composes of understanding the information available and how to improve on it. (Corporation). Seven domains model can be used in all aspects of businesses and designs. They involve synergy between all the resources so that the project completion objectives are not compromised. What the seven domains tend to seek together what they generally

Politics of globalization 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics of globalization 2 - Essay Example It experiences internal rebellion and external sanctions and aggression as it attempts to achieve economic and political independence within a global political economy. Taken separately, each of the many hurdles to Iran's economic recovery would be somewhat daunting; taken together; they are formidable (Mohammadi, 2003). As stated earlier, the effects of globalization on Iran are many- both positive and negative. Some of them are discussed below. Globalization has had a mammoth effect on the Military sector of Iran which we call the diffusion of power. In terms of the concentration of power, the direction of events seems to be firmly away from any globalizing trend and toward the diffusion of power and regionalization of interaction. (Buzan.B, Wver.O, & Wilde.J, 1998) Liberalization, as the name implies, generally means the relaxation of certain rigid restrictions and regulations. Sometimes, liberalization is associated with privatization; however, both are two different processes. In the Iranian context, market liberalization includes the agricultural front- rice and wheat markets and so on. This is another effect of globalization on Iran There are several definitions for democratization and in one of the best definitions Korany states that it "entails an expansion of political participation in such a way as to provide citizens with a degree of real and meaningful collective control over policy."Democratization in Iran is one of the main effects of globalization. The development of democratization in Iran is rife with impediments and these impediments are challenged by certain social trends within Iranian society. After a careful examination of democratization, the impediments, forces and methods thereof, we have learned that there is no one simple answer in developing democracy in Iran. Thus, these are the three major effects of globalization on Iran. (Democratization in Iran, n.d) Role of domestic politics in Iran's globalization policy. US foreign policy toward Iran has evolved to a point that it can no longer compete with or overcome certain forces. At the same time, forces are present that could assist the US in reestablishing formal dialogue and, ultimately, normal diplomatic relations with Iran. Globalization is the force that in some instances is assisting US foreign policy. At the same time, other elements of globalization are eroding US desires with respect to Iranian programs in WMD. The time has come for the US to admit that its current policy of sanctions is obsolete. The US needs to reengage Iran on economic and social terms that are the byproducts of economic globalization. (George.S, 2003). Politics of identity- Iran's globalization policy As Iran follows the theoracracy (a political unit governed by a deity or by officials thought to be divinely guided) all the policies and theories are. The challenges that Iran faces in regard to globalization are evident enough, first it is economics and second is politics.. The diverse on post-revolutionary development are reflected in the debates within Iran on globalization: reformers allude to Iran's strength in this field,

Proposal Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Proposal Letter - Essay Example As a result, both the instructors and students face insurmountable difficulties (Quian 2204-2205). Although English is taught from the primary level, I believe mastery of the language requires patience and practice. The students have a feeling that achieving fluency for an international language is impossible. Their main goal of learning the language is passing exams while disregarding its value in the learning process, as well as, dealing with life issues. I also believe that besides difficulties in speaking fluent English, foreign students can hardly write a complete sentence without making a grammatical mistake. There seems to be no appropriate environment for them to thrive. They encounter a new society and culture that hinders their success (Herold 124). When compared to the native students, the internationals require extra time to learn and comprehend a foreign language. In an effort to unravel to this mystery, the essay will investigate the difficulties faced by foreign students in learning a second language. It will also provide several useful strategies to second language learners and instructors. It will conclude by calling for researchers to give attention to the problem. All readers, as well as, well wishers can contribute their views on the

Nuclear Power in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nuclear Power in the US - Essay Example Nuclear power is generated by a chain reaction of atom, which is the minute particle that cannot be further divided. They are the â€Å"building blocks† of every single thing that exists from a human to a chair. Atoms are made up of electrons which have negative charge, circling nuclei consisting of protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged while the neutrons are neutral that is they are not charged. There are some elements whose atoms are unstable atoms. Such unstable atom’s nucleus tends to break and form a stable atom. In doing so, they emit enormous energy which eventually produces heat. Such elements having unstable atoms are called â€Å"radioactive elements†. Before forming a stable atom, the nucleus hits other atoms after its breakage forming a chain reaction. This chain reaction is called â€Å"nuclear fission†. The most commonly known among radioactive elements is uranium. (Morris, 2007) The process of making nuclear power starts with the mining of radioactive elements which are then processed accordingly. The processed radioactive elements are then fed to the reactors of nuclear power plant, generating a chain reaction or â€Å"nuclear fission† which eventually creates heat. This heat turns the water inside the plant to steam. The steam produced through this whole process is then used to generate energy in the form of electricity or is used to power steam turbines. The usual sources of energy i.e. fossil fuels which are formed from the remains of animals and plants are coal, oil and natural gas (Benduhn, 2009). The main reasons for their preference is their convenient availability and low cost. Yet both these reasons are no more applicable as being natural reservoirs they are not renewable. Hence, these sources are decreasing day by day and their prices are hiking up due to their shortage. In addition, their burning is the major cause of pollution eventually leading to health and environmental hazards. It is also the main concern of environmentalists as many of them believe that burning of these fuels is among the many factors creating global warming. Carbon dioxide is among the main emissions from these burned fossil fuels which is creating global warming as it creates the effect of a greenhouse, by keeping the heat trapped thus disturbing the whole atmosphere from land to air and oceans. (Hantula et al 2010) Nuclear Power, on the other hand is a reliable source of energy. The main advantage of nuclear power is that it neither emits gases that create greenhouse effect nor produces soot. Therefore it can be considered somewhat eco friendly. In addition, the quantity of wastes produced by nuclear power is very small and can be disposed off easily. Another fact that makes nuclear power more effective is that a very small quantity of a radioactive element is sufficient as compared to coal that produces same amount of energy. Though it is also not a renewable source of energy, yet the q uantity required to make energy is so small that its reservoirs will benefit generations after generations. Countries like America and France are benefiting from nuclear power by producing electricity through it. Around 435 nuclear reactors in more or less 30 countries of the world were producing 15 percent of the world’s electricity in the year 2009. (Hantula et al 2010)

Discussing Darwins Evolutionary Theory through Using Monsters, Like Research Paper

Discussing Darwins Evolutionary Theory through Using Monsters, Like Werewolves - Research Paper Example The article is well-written, thorough, vivid, and easy to follow or understand. The author successfully conveys the evolution of people’s beliefs about monsters and how scientists, especially naturalists, tried to prove that monsters are not real, or merely products of a restless imagination. This essay evaluates the article in terms of content and purpose. The article is divided into three subtopics—The Slow Death of the Wolfman, Missing Links, and From Apes to Ape Men. As far back as 2,000 B.C., the idea of a werewolf has already existed. During the ancient period, images of monsters filled the imaginations of ordinary folks; many assumed that prehistory was characterized by a frightening environment of alive distorted body parts, moving around and joining together to form strange hybrids. No one during Darwin’s time believed in such an idea, but it was completely rational to look at the mysteries of the production of species—evolution or transmutation. Eventually, monsters have been regarded as probable links to the evolution of new species (Amigoni 36). If monsters were mutations or departures from the normal, then perhaps they were the answer to the question of species differences. This is the main point of the article. In terms of content, the article is clear-cut and explanatory, but not in a tedious, dull way. Although the author talks about a subject matter that is scientific, technical, and formal, he is able to keep the discussion appealing and fascinating by making his descriptions vivid or graphics. For instance, he describes how evolutionists of the 19th century look at the idea of monsters in this way (Regal 2): Others, though unwilling to accept mermaids, argued that even more, wondrous creatures existed as a result of evolution.  

Listening to children and young people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Listening to children and young people - Essay Example Children who are capable of forming their own views have a right to receive and make known information they have through being attentively listened to, to effectively express their opinions, and to have those opinions taken into account in whatever matters affecting them. All views of the children ought to be given due weight in accordance to the age, maturity and capability of the children. According to Committee on the Rights of the Child (2009), all children with special education requirements are supposed to have a say in the roles of decision making in regards to their special education needs. Listening to the children and young ones do have very important concepts to be considered. Whoever interacts with children and young people should actually consider ensuring that they are able to benefit by growing up or developing uprightly. Through listening, adults are able to emphasize well with children by understanding the children’s inimitable thoughts, ideas, and feelings. Hence, there is creation of a child’s focused culture on communication. Effectively engaging with children and young people is very essential to Child, Youth and Family (CYF)’s task in supporting all families and adequately protecting children. By being in a position to understand the perspective of any child or young person is important in completing the assessment and development interventions. Demonstration of genuine interest in children or young people’s viewpoint, having a thorough understanding of the child/ young people’s personal development, and appreciating the environmental conditions which aid good communication with children, are so fundamental in genuine consultation and active inclusion of children in the decision making process. By ensuring that one is able to listen and try to understand children and the young people, he/she can help the child to develop the perceptions that they can be have some trust on you and come to you in case of anything to

Dhirubhai Ambani Essay Example for Free

Dhirubhai Ambani Essay Man who knew how to lead in this world by creating our own path towards success. Dhirubhai Ambani was well known for his achievements. His spirit and attitude towards the work made him an extra ordinary gentleman. He was born in the small village in state of Gujarat, India and was a son of a school teacher. Being in the inspirational background, he had learned how to live with hopes and transform them into reality. His confidence helped him accomplishing all his targets in life. Dhirubhai desired of getting well educated but it turned as a dream and regretted all through his life. Mousumi Kumar. (2012). He believed in following the right path and opportunities will come in the way. With this attitude he built Reliance Industries which was first private sector Company to enter fortunes global 500 companies. In 2002, Reliance Industry contributed 3% in India’s GDP and 5% towards countries export. (The story of Dhirubhai Ambani, 2011.) His Vision Dhirubhai Ambani worked in Aden as a petrol pump attendant. He then decided rather than working for other company he would start one of his own. He returned to India and envisioned the future of India. Pursue your goals even in the face of difficulties, and convert adversities into opportunities. Reliance Industries Limited (2005) He always took the step further into the business regardless of difficulties. ‘No’ is the word he never understood in his life. His admiration towards growth of India was the main objective of his life. Dhirubhai Ambani led himself to his vision by building the trust with the people all around India. He believed that Reliance industry was the peoples company not his. (The story of Dhirubhai Ambani, 2011.) The early vision of Dhirubhai was to find gas and oil in India which he accomplished within 25years of his life. He bought new technology from around the world and builds world class refinery in India and was pioneer in providing the best infrastructure facilities to the people in and around him. He was fond of his own philosophies. He admired that the person needs no invitations to make profits but need to grab the opportunities at right time. Mousumi Kumar. (2012).When Dhirubhai entered the telecommunication industry; his vision was â€Å"Karlo Duniya Muthi Main†, means keeping the world in your fist. This motto was not only for him or for his company but also for the customer of his company. (The story of Dhirubhai Ambani, 2011.) His Leadership in Organizational Effectiveness A leadership quality was a gift of god for him. He always thought positive towards any step he takes in life. His qualities have not only benefited himself but also to the shareholders of the company. He believed in joining hands with Indian citizens rather than leading alone. Dhirubhai saw the great potential in Indian market and found the capabilities of Indian people. In 1977 when Dhirubhai thought of expansion and opened his hands to Indian people and became the public’s company. The small investors were not keen about the company’s growth but had put their money on trust he built with the people. They trusted the inspirational qualities of Dhirubhai and the pace of growth with his positive attitude. Mousumi Kumar. (2012) His effectiveness and efficiency made the company proud after building the world class refinery in Jamnagar (Gujarat). In the period of 11 months he got the best technology, best infrastructure and best employees to the plant and made it running within a year. His inspiration has removed the word ‘impossible’ from the mind of the people. One of the famous philosophy or quote of Dhirubhai Ambani was Growth has no limit at Reliance. I keep revising my vision. Only when you dream it you can do it. Reliance Industries Limited (2005) and Mousumi Kumar. (2012). He always trusted the future and found that there will be more growth in upcoming industrial era but what led him to heights was his ability to find a best opportunity for the country and for people. For him trust was greater than money. Today the Reliance Industry is well known for its trustworthiness towards the stakeholders and without this approach Reliance Industries wouldn’t have reached such heights. His policy was once if the decisions are made and should be implemented as soon as possible without any delays or losing the opportunity. He was man of his words. His ability to see the future was far upward than any man in his times. For example- In 1966, Dhirubhai used a strategy of backward integration to build a textile empire without any second thought in his mind. He faced many problems while taking this decision but he always moved as he got the opportunities and started the new textile company called Vimal. When he achieved success with this strategic decision he found that he can do anything possible in this world with good support and bless of the people he trusted in. RIL (2005) Effectiveness towards his work was more important for him. Grabbing the opportunity isn’t everything but implementing it effectively is more important and that is what he left behind after his death. His vision and mission were the challenge for himself and he loved playing with those challenges. He would always take challenges and barriers on him even on behalf of stakeholders. His philosophy was dream to the core and dreaming has no limits or barriers and doesn’t cost a penny. His inspiration towards the employees of Reliance Industry was if you don’t get the opportunity don’t wait for but create one of your own.

Study Human Rights And Biharis In Bangladesh Politics Essay

Study Human Rights And Biharis In Bangladesh Politics Essay Refugee problem is an uprising problem in the concurrent world. The Refugee can be made by many ways. The truth is that nobody wants to be a Refugee. But the circumstance made them to become Refugee. These circumstances are sometime created by human beings and sometime it happens by the act of NATURE. The Human Rights of Refugee people are violating in many ways. Sometimes it is seems that Refugee people are not more then a group of people without foods, shelter, clothing and many other necessary things. This make their life same as living in hell. Bangladesh achieved independence from Pakistan in 1971. After liberation war, a considerable number of non-Bengali citizens in Bangladesh, identified as the Biharis who opposed the liberation of Bangladesh, sought to go to Pakistan but could not do so due to complication in the repatriation process. These people are called Stranded Pakistanis or the Bihari Community.  [1]  According to one report, the community is comprised of over 300,000 yet it is not recognized with a clearly defined identity.  [2]  They have been living in 66 squalid camps with poor facilities scattered in several areas of Bangladesh for more than three decades.  [3]  Although they are residing in refugee camps, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) does not recognize them as refugees. Therefore, they are deprived of the benefits and opportunities extended to the refugees by the UNHCR. Therefore, the stranded Biharis in Bangladesh face multiple problems. The main object of this paper is to observe the status of the Bihari people in Bangladesh, highlight the socio-political impact of their statelessness. The central view of the paper is that the Bihari community in Bangladesh is an artificial minority and they are deprived of Human Rights because they are considered as they are not part of Bangladesh, but yet living there as unwanted refugees. The unresolved status of the Biharis is a result of intentional procrastination and political indecision on the part of both Bangladesh and Pakistan. The analysis of the Biharis Human Rights problem is divided into two following sections. The first section discusses the background to the Biharis problem and their political status in Bangladesh. The second section discusses the socio-political conditions of the Bihari community in Bangladesh. Ill focus three of Rights according to Martha C.Nussbaums CENTRAL HUMAN FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES, these three rights are 1. Rights of Bodily health,2. Affili ation, 3.Play. And here the present Human Rights situation of Biharis will be cleared in our eyes. 2.Meaning of the term Artificial Minority: The term artificial minority requires an explanation. The term minority is defined in a number of ways. According to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, a minority is an ethnic, religious, or other group having a distinctive presence with little power or representation relative to other groups within a society. Here is another meaning of Minority  [4]   1) a. The smaller in number of two groups forming a whole. b. A group or party having fewer than a controlling number of votes. 2) a. A racial, religious, political, national, or other group thought to be different from the larger group of which it is part. b. A group having little power or representation relative to other groups within a society. c. A member of one of these groups. 3) Law. The state or period of being under legal age:  still in her minority. In municipal and international legal systems, minority denotes a particular meaning. The term minority was first legally defined by the Sub Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities in 1977 in Article 27 of International Covenant of Civil Political Rights (ICCPR) of 1966. The article notes: Minorities are considered to be a group numerically inferior to the rest of the population of the state, in a non-dominant position, whose members being citizens of a state, possess ethnic beliefs or linguistic characteristics differing from the rest of the population and show if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity directly towards preserving their culture, traditions, religions or language. According to this definition, the shield of minorities is linked to the criteria of Citizenship/nationality, which is usually supported by legal definitions in charters and covenants. Scrutiny of these definitions shows that the term minority is a combination of five elements: (1) number, (2) subordinate status, (3) ethnic or religious or linguistic traits, (4) a will/wish to safeguard or preserve or strengthen the patterns of lifestyle, and (5) in some cases citizenship. The Bihari society in Bangladesh also has the minority distinctiveness outlined in the definitions provided earlier. They are ethnically different as they speak in different language. Internally they maintain Bihari cultural values in their social life. Due to these characteristics, they maintain a special ethnic identity despite practicing the religion of the Bengali majority. Yet, the Bihari community in Bangladesh is not considered a minority group. The Biharis have been given a peculiar status which is artificial, that makes them neither refugees nor minorities. It is artificial because it is a product of an historical legacy of 1947, and of a political context of 1971, which made them live in artificially designated areas (camps) under international agreement. Yet they are factually a minority because they are insignificant in number. This arrangement separated them from the rest of the society and gave them an artificial identity. 3. Theoretical Overview: *Definition of Refugee: Those who flee their own countries looking for of protection abroad do so specifically because their human rights are at risk in their own country. To decide that an individual has a well-founded fear of persecution is in effect to conclude that one or more of his or her basic human rights are not being respected.( It is hard to define that violation of which rights may led a man or a group of people to become Refugee. Sometime violation of Political rights, sometime social rights, sometime want of basic needs may make them Refugee). Similarly, to determine that groups of people fleeing conflict or serious disturbances of the public order are prima facie refugees is in most cases to acknowledge that they are victims of violations of human rights or humanitarian law. According to the general definition contained in the 1951 Convention, a refugee is a person who: As a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951 and owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted is outside his country of nationality (The 1951 dateline originated in the wish of Governments, at the time the Convention was adopted, to limit their obligations to refugee situations that were known to exist at that time, or to those which might subsequently arise from events that had already occurred) The   Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 as amended by the 1966 Protocol, denoted the definition of Refugee as,-A person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. According to the Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa,1969 the definition of Refugee isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. the term refugee  [5]  shall mean every person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country, or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. refugee  [6]  shall also apply to every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his country of origin or nationality. The Organization of American States, 1985 view A Refugee as- Persons who have fled their country because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violations of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order. Many states give priority to refugees in the acceptance of applicants for immigration and on that basis, qualification as a refugee is essential. In  Ward v Canada, Canadas Supreme Court spoke of that: rationale underlying the international refugee protection regime, for this permeates the interpretation of the various terms requiring examination.   International refugee law was formulated to serve as a back up to the protection one expects from the state of which an individual is a national.   It was meant to come into play only in situations when that protection is unavailable, and then only in certain situations.   The international community intended that persecuted individuals be required to approach their home state for protection before the responsibility of other states becomes engaged. as surrogate or substitute protection, activated only upon failure of national protection. In that decision, the Court also clarified that the state from which refugee status was being sought, needed not to be complicit in the alleged persecution or the well-founded fear What exactly must a claimant do to establish fear of persecution? The test is bipartite: (1) the claimant must subjectively fear persecution; and (2) this fear must be well-founded in an objective sense. In summary, it is apparent that the refugee have to be outside his or her country of origin, and the fact of having fled, of having crossed an international frontier, is an basic part of the quality of refugee, understood in its ordinary sense. However, it is not necessary to have fled because of fear of persecution, or even actually to have been persecuted. The fear of persecution looks to the future, and can materialize during an individuals absence from their home country, for example, because of prime political change. * Human Rights; In view of Nussbaum: Martha C. Nussbaum  [7]  in her well renowned book, Women and human Development, The Capabilities Approach she has described some rights which are important for a human to live as a human in a society. The most important feature of her theory is the central human functional capabilities. These are as following: CENTRAL HUMAN FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES  [8]   1. Life. 2. Bodily Health. 3. Bodily Integrity. 4. Senses, Imagination, and Thought. 5. Emotions. 6. Practical Reason. 7.  Affiliation. 8. Other Species 9. Play. 10.  Control over ones environment.  (A)  Political: (B)  Material: To discuss the situation of Biharis well only focus on the three of these rights. These are 1. Life. 2. Bodily Health. 3. Affiliation. 4. Historical Back ground : During the Partition of British-India in 1947, around one million Urdu speaking Muslims from the present day Indian provinces of Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura ,Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan moved to East Pakistan, which later became Bangladesh.  [9]  Their movement to East Pakistan was occurred in the wake of communal brutality during and in the consequences of the partition (for example, 30,000 Muslims were killed in the Great Bihar Killing in October-November 1947) and to preserve their Islamic way of life.  [10]  , About a million of them migrated to the eastern wing of Pakistan (East Pakistan)  [11]  . They also saw Hijrat (migration) as an escape from the possibility of living in a Hindu majority India.  [12]  To their disappointment, when they arrived in East Pakistan, leaving behind their possessions, their familiar environment and professions, they felt divided in the new society in terms of language, custo ms, traditions and culture. Although speakers of Pakistans official language, Urdu, they found themselves as a minority in the majority Bengali-speaking East Pakistan. These differences resulted in the Biharis identifying with West Pakistan whose dominance over the Pakistani state assured them of receiving greater privileges from the Central Government. While Bengalis were overwhelmingly employed in the agricultural sector, the Biharis, as full citizens of Pakistan, came to be occupied in the industrial sector, small business, trade and commerce. The Bihari community never assimilated with the local people and maintained alliance with the West Pakistani regime against the interest of the Bengali people. They supported the adoption of Urdu as the official language in East Pakistan, where the language of the majority was Bengali, and opposed the Bengalis language movement in 1952. They also supported the issues of United Pakistan in the national and provincial elections in 1970.  [13]  During 1971 Bangladeshi war of independence, the Biharis as Urdu-speaking people of non-Bengali origin, collaborated with the West Pakistani regime and opposed the Bangladeshi freedom movement. When Bangladesh finally achieved freedom, Bihari people wanted to go to West Pakistan, but could not do so at once due to complication in repatriation process. This situation left them abandoned in Bangladesh. They were promised of repatriation to Pakistan, but this promise was never fully materialized. 5. VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN VARIOUS SPHERE * Identity crisis of the Biharis in Bangladesh: The stranded Biharis in Bangladesh are suffering from identity crisis. In Bangladesh, they have three different statuses, according to their present stand. First, they are considered as foreign (Pakistanis) that are stranded. They have been temporarily accommodated in refugee camps, but they are not regarded as refugees in the conventional sense. According to the Article 6(A) (1) of the Statute of UNHCR and Article 1(A) (2) of the Refugee Convention 1951, a refugee is a person who belongs to the following three criteria: (a) The person is outside the country of his nationality, or in the case of Stateless persons, outside the country of habitual residence; (b) The person lacks natural protection; and (c) The person fears persecution. All these three criteria are apparently applicable to the Biharis in Bangladesh. However, According to the cessation clauses of the 1951 Convention and the UNHCR Statutes of 1950, a person shall stop being a refugee if, among others: (1) h/she has voluntarily re-established him/herself in the country which h/she left or outside which h/she remained owing to fear of persecution, The case of the Bihari Muslims is covered by this clause. Because, firstly, they voluntarily migrated to East Pakistan in 1947 from India; and secondly, in Pakistan they enjoyed protection by the state and were full-fledged citizens after 1951 according to Section 3(d) of the Pakistan Citizenship Act, which reads: At the commencement of this Act every person shall be deemed to be a citizen of Pakistan who before the commencement of this Act migrated to the territories now included in Pakistan from any territory in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent outside those territories with the intention of residing permanently in those territories. Many of the people of Biharis who are over 40 years old like to address themselves as a Pakistani. Because the voted for Pakistan (In the election held in 1970). They fought for Pakistan,( During the liberation war held in 1971).And they believe that they have more similarity between Pakistanis than Bangladesh. Therefore, the case of the Biharis was not viewed a refugee situation after the partition of 1947, as they were changed and naturalized in their newly demarcated territories. The question of the Biharis becoming refugees had arisen when Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan. All of a sudden, these people became stateless as they identified themselves as Pakistanis. On the one hand, they were not refugees as they were not displaced from their place of residence, and on the other hand, they were stranded outside of their country where their status remained unrecognized. Secondly, these complexities have given rendered the Biharis in Bangladesh a peculiar status, which can be called artificial minority, which gave them second type of identity. The term was discussed before. According to these definition, the protection of minorities is linked to the criteria of Citizenship/Nationality, which is usually supported by legal definitions in charters and covenants. According to the Council of European Commission for Democracy Through Law (CDL) a minority is: A group which is smaller in number than the rest of the population of a State, whose members have ethnic, religious or linguistic features different from those of the rest of the population, and are guided, if only implicitly, by the will to safeguard their culture, traditions, religion or language. Any group coming within the terms of this definition shall be treated as an ethnic, religious or linguistic minority.  [14]   In this definition, the requirement of citizenship has been omitted because citizenship should not be a requirement for basic human rights. The Bihari community in Bangladesh also has the minority characteristics outlined in the definitions provided earlier. They are ethnically different as they speak in different language. Internally they maintain Bihari cultural values in social life. Due to these characteristics, they maintain a different ethnic identity despite practicing the religion of the Bengali majority. Yet, the Bihari community in Bangladesh is not considered a minority group. The Biharis have been given a peculiar status, which is artificial, that makes them neither refugees nor minorities. Thirdly and Finally, The Biharis are considered as the citizen of Bangladesh. Because according to the existing citizen laws  [15]  of Bangladesh The people who are residing in Bangladesh from 26th March, 1971 will be considered as the citizen of Bangladesh. But before the election of 29th December,2008 no Biharis were considered as eligible for voting. Because the Biharis were thought as non-citizen in all the sphere of the government. After a historic judgment the High Court of Bangladesh has declare them as eligible for the voting.  [16]   As noted earlier, due to their crisis of identity, the Bihari people are deprived of both citizenship privileges as well as refugee benefits from the international community. The consequence is that they have to shoulder the impact of this unwanted and unresolved identity in their social, political and economic life. Here we can see that Bihari people have no socio-political identity except an ethnic recognition. The actual identity of these people should be as BANGLADESH As per the Nationality laws of Bangladesh. Martha Nussbaum said about this matter in her capabilities approach in number  [17]  7,  Affiliation.  . .Being able to live for and in relation to others, to recognize and show concern for other human beings, to engage in various forms of social interaction; being able to imagine the situation of another and to have compassion for that situation; having the capability for both justice and friendship. . . . Being able to be treated as a dignified being whose worth is equal to that of others. If we compare this term with the situation of These Biharis well find that here all of these are violated. So, it is necessary right now to define the political and social identity of these Bihari people. ** Population of Biharis: Over population and population density are two primary problems in the refugee camps. Since 1971 the community people has almost doubled in number due to high birth rate in the camps.  [18]  According to a survey report in 1992, the demographic figure of this community was 238,093 in 66 different camps throughout Bangladesh (Table 1). The number of residents has farther risen over time and that created extreme population density, as the number of camps remained unchanged since their construction in 1972.  [19]  Presently, it is reported that the demographic figure is approximately 300,000 people.  [20]  However, no proper survey has been done recently. The following map shows the geographical distribution of the Bihari camps in Bangladesh. The living conditions in these overcrowded camps are very squalid. Families of seven to ten members share a small eight by ten feet living space.  [21]  Being frustrated with the camp life, sometimes the Bihari people escape from th e camp and try to integrate themselves within the local community. Among them, very few are fortunate enough to survive and ultimately become able to give their children education. In most cases, they fail to survive by themselves and eventually return to the camps due to their inability to adjust to the social and economic conditions. Here we can see how these people are deprived from an important human functional capabilities mentioned by Nussbaum. The second human capability  [22]  is Bodily health . . .  Being able to have good health, including reproductive health; being adequately nourished . . . ; being able to have adequate shelter . . However, living in such densely cannot ensure these rights. Yes, it is true that Bangladesh is a over populated country. In addition, almost everywhere, the density is same, but at least the government can give them a chance to live as other people of Bangladesh. ***Health ,Sanitation and Medical Care The living atmosphere of the camps is very awful. It is unhealthy, dirty, damp and unhygienic. The camp authorities are neither able nor serious to maintain a healthy sanitation facility. The drainage system is tremendously poor, which causes water logging very easily. Therefore, contagious diseases especially diarrhea and dengue are very common. This condition exists in other camps throughout the country. The municipalities/City Corporation cleaners never enter the camps to clear the garbage. It is only when the camp-dwellers drop their garbage in the dustbins outside the camp, that the City Corporation cleaners will take them out. In addition, the entire camp people share a few common bathrooms and toilets, which are very few compared to the number of people .  [23]   Most of the time they need to queue to get their turn. Furthermore, both male and female alike share the same facility, which creates problems for the females. There is no privacy for the females either in toilet or shower facilities. At night, when young ladies need to visit toilet, they take their parents or someone else as their guard. Most of the toilets are without shade, and people need to stand in line for their turn. In the shower rooms, women sometimes have to wait for hours to take bath in groups of three or four. Moreover, there is an sensitive scarcity of safe drinking water in every camp. Deep tube well is the key source of water in camps, but there is also acute shortage of tube well in every camp. Therefore, water born diseases, like cholera, typhoid and skin disease are endemic. The medical assistance for the Refugee people is too poor.. There is only one medical clinic (Al-Falah Model Clinic) in the camp of Dhaka, which is poorly equipped. Moreover, in some cases, camps do not have a single medical clinic. As a result, infant mortality due to lack of medical care is quite common. Three out of every five newborns die before reaching the age five. Likewise, reserve to proper medical facilities make women vulnerable to unsafe delivery, chronic diseases like polio, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and other health problems. Many women die every year without getting proper medical care. As these people are very poor, they cannot afford to take medical facilities from other government and private institutions. Here we can see that the first condition of human capabilities  [24]  Life. . .   Being able to live to the end of a human life of normal length . . . ; not dying prematurely . . . is very not in work for these camp living people. 6. Some Proposal: From the overall study about vulnerable situation of Biharis and The Central Human Capabilities, I think that following steps should be taken and must be implemented as early as possible. The government of Bangladesh must give the recognition of Biharis. Moreover, at the same time government should take some initial that can ensure the social and political freedom of Biharis. Moreover, Beharis are the citizen of Bangladesh as per the citizen laws of Bangladesh and the historical background of Biharis reveals them as the citizen of Bangladesh. Therefore, the main thing is that they should be treated as same as a usual citizen of Bangladesh. The camps must be removed and the status of the Biharis as Refugee should be eliminate. They should given the same opportunities as a people of Bangladesh. In addition, as they are an underdeveloped community, they should given some priority in every sphere of life. The Biharis must be allowed to move freely and to settle anywhere of Bangladesh. Moreover, the person who wants to go to Pakistan for that they think that they are citizen of Pakistan, the movement must be also allowed and the proper diplomatic and political steps should be taken with honesty. The health and medical facilities should be increased and the people must be provided with the basic lessons of health and hygiene. And the education facilities also needed to be available for the Behari people.. The safe drinking facilities must be increased so that the safe water is available for every one in the camp. 7. Conclusion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In  Women and Human Development, Martha Nussbaum attempts to move the theoretical terrain on which international development policy is currently situated. In doing so, she constructs a universalistic feminist philosophy based on central human capabilities that, if met, would provide the minimum threshold essential for the progress of all people. In place of cultural relativism and aggregated conceptions of the good put forward by utilitarian economics, Nussbaum proposes a set of interconnected and indivisible capabilities, conceived as human rights, which offer moral guidance for the development of political principles that can be translated into constitutional guarantees. The capabilities provide individuals with opportunities for functioning, for making self-defined choices possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nussbaums chief objective is to place these spheres of choice beyond the whim of majoritarian politics by translating them into constitutional guarantees. For her, the political goal of justice, of meeting the threshold for each capability, supersedes libertyoutweighing and morally constraining choices that conflict with the central principle of political liberalism: do no harm to others. Ensuring equal access to the central capabilities, she argues, should constrain all economic choices  [25]  Individual and collective choices that result in differential access to the capabilities, she argues, ineluctably violate this governing principle.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because the exercise of certain types of functioning in childhood are an essential precondition to developing a mature adult capability, Nussbaum argues that the state has a compelling interest in any treatment of children that has a long-term impact on these capabilities  [26]  Thus, it is imperative that children be given genuine opportunities to exercise capabilities that are vital to their functioning as future citizens.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition to material prerequisites, actual functi

Comparison of Nigeria and Irans Politics

Comparison of Nigeria and Irans Politics INTRODUCTION: Nigeria: Nigeria is authoritatively known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria. it is an elected sacred republic embodying 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The nation is found in West Africa and shares land outskirts with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its drift in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. Nigeria is regularly alluded to as the Giant of Africa, because of its extensive populace and economy. With around 174 million occupants, Nigeria is the most crowded nation in Africa and the seventh most crowded nation on the planet. The nation is possessed by in excess of 500 ethnic gatherings, of which the three biggest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. Nigeria is Africas heading oil maker; more than a large portion of its kin live in neediness. Nigeria assumes a noticeable part in African affairs; has withdrawn troops from oil-rich Bakassi promontory to settle outskirt debate with Cameroon Iran: Islamic Republic of Iran since 1980, is a nation in Western Asia. It is verged on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, with Kazakhstan and Russia over the Caspian Sea; on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; on the west by Iraq; and on the northwest by Turkey. Iran is home to one of the worlds most seasoned civilizations, starting with the shaping of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdom in 3200 – 2800 BCE. Iran holds 9% of world oil saves; a discriminating shortage in jobs has hit the youthful, and international authorizations have severely influenced the economy in general. Irans nuclear system incited the international group to force progressively intense authorizes in an offer to induce Tehran to halt uranium enhancement. An arrangement to limit uranium improvement was struck in November 2013. EXECUTIVE SYSTEM: The executive is the piece of government that has sole power and obligation regarding the every day organization of the state. The executive limb executes or implements the law. The division of power into discrete limbs of government is integral to the thought of the partition of powers Nigeria: The executive extension is partitioned into Federal Ministries, each one headed by a clergyman selected by the president. The president must incorporate no less than one part from each of the 36 states in his cabinet. The Presidents arrangements are affirmed by the Senate of Nigeria. In a few cases, an elected pastor is in charge of more than one service (for instance, Environment and Housing may be joined), or a priest may be supported by one or more clergymen of State.[1] Each service likewise has a Permanent Secretary, who is a senior civil servant. In Nigeria, the executives are made up of the president and his bad habit. In democratic administration, the executives signs charge that have been agreed by the Nigerian national gatherings into law. They likewise name key people into the government. In the military period, the executive who essential are the head of state and his delegate authorizes laws by pronouncement. Iran: the Executive limb of government are three oversight bodies: 1) Assembly of Experts (Majles-e Khoebregan), a prevalently chose body accused of deciding the progression of the Supreme Leader, looking into his execution, and dismissing him if regarded vital; 2) Expediency Council or the Council for the Discernment of Expediency (Majma-ye- Tashkhis-e -Maslahat-e- Nezam) pushes supervisory power over the executive, judicial, and legislative extensions and determines legislative issues when the Majles and the Council of Guardians differ and since 1989 has been utilized to instruct national religious pioneers on matters with respect to national strategy; in 2005 the Councils powers were extended to go about as a supervisory body for the government; 3) Council of Guardians of the Constitution or Council of Guardians or Guardians Council (Shora-ye Negban-e Qanon-e Asasi) figures out if proposed enactment is both sacred and reliable to Islamic law, vets competitors in prominent elections for suitability, and directs national election FUNCTIONS OF EXECUTIVE SYSTEM: Nigeria: The executive limb serves as the head of state, summoning the military and making political errands. Under the balanced governance system, the executive extension has the power of veto over the legislative limb, and the Vice President is the President of the Senate. Parts of the legal are designated by the executive limb, which can likewise issue pardons. Thusly, Congress can confirm that a President is unfit for office and evacuate him or her, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court gets to be leader of the Senate throughout denunciation processes. Then again, we might quickly layout the particular functions of the executive arm of government in this way: Budget Preparation Initiation of advancement tasks Execution and upkeep of the Constitution and laws made by the National Assembly Preserving, securing and protecting the regional trustworthiness of the country, and guaranteeing strength and security, and Carrying on the business of administration in all implications including directing international relations Iran: The faqih, who practices numerous accepted executive functions, is chosen by a larger part vote of the Assembly of Experts, a 86-part assemblage of senior pastors who are chosen by well known vote at regular intervals. The Assembly assesses the work of the faqih in yearly gatherings; it can release the faqih on the off chance that he is considered no more qualified. The faqih is in charge of picking the leaders of the military services and the leader of the legal, setting general state approach, proclaiming war and peace, directing the military (counting control of insights and security offices), launching and managing corrections to the constitution, and administering a mixture of powerful parastatal establishments and associations. The executive extension is headed by the president, who in practice is the second-most elevated government official. He is chosen in national elections at regular intervals and is restricted to two sequential terms. The constitution determines that the p resident must be a Shia Muslim. The current president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was chosen in 2005. The president chooses a few vice presidents and 21 pastors who constitute his cabinet. Serves yet not vice presidents are liable to regard by parliament. The faqih can reject a president if two-thirds of parliament votes to arraign him. SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARRITIES BETWEEN BOTH EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS: As indicated by the Constitution of Iran, the President is the Head of the Government who hold the powers of the Executive after the Supreme Leader. The President is chosen for a term of 4 years by widespread suffrage. The obligations of the President incorporates Implementation of the Constitution and for the activity of executive powers, aside from matter identifying with Supreme Leader The President names and regulates the Council of Ministers Coordinates government choices, and chooses government arrangements to be set before the lawmaking body The executive limb likewise incorporates a cabinet containing a board of pastors chose by the President with the endorsement of the Legislature. The Executive limb of the Government of Iran likewise contains three oversight bodies specifically Assembly of Experts Expediency Council or the Council for the Discernment of Expediency Council of Guardians The executives of Nigeria in any administration are generally saddled with the obligations of completing different government strategies. The executives protect and execute the constitutions that represent the elected republic of Nigeria. Under the executives (the presidency) there are typically 3 principle arms in particular: Head of service of the organization Secretary to the government STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES: Both countries executive system has their own importance. The strengths of each executive system is that it manages all the administration work of the government bodies of both countries. The weaknesses of both countries are their strict rules regarding work which is mostly not followed and parties do not perform their duties honestly.

Critique Of death Of The Author Essay -- essays research papers

Critique of "Death of the Author" The title to the story "The Death of an Author," by Roland Barthes, suggests this story may be a fictional novel about the story of an author's death. Perhaps one might pick it up, and skim the foreword in hopes that beneath the cover of this book there would be a mystery, a story of detectives, eye- witnesses, clues, and a puzzle for the reader to solve. Before I read this story, the title "The Death of an Author" brought to my imagination the biography of a writer slowly drinking himself to death trying to finish the story of his life, but the author would be stuck and depressed because his life is not a story as it is boring and repetitive. I have read such short stories with similar titles by authors like Raymond Carver and others. I was surprised when I began to read "The Death of an Author" that a story with such a powerful title would be a wordy, whimper of a passage. The author Roland Barthes is a brilliant writer, he is able to weave phrases and create new uses for verbs, nouns and adjectives. Though he is a brilliant writer I have to assume that he was not a very bright man or that he at least has very little common sense outside of the literary world. If he wrote in a more simple, to the point modern style I would have read the story, absorbed its content, and would not have given it a second look. The story could be summarized in...

Complete Communities and Indulgent Diversities Essays -- Campus Life

Rebekah Nathan’s â€Å"Community and Diversity† focuses on the changing definition of the word community on college campuses and how that change affects the way students spend their free time and interact with other students. While campus directors set up and promote campus life community with good intentions of providing every student with interesting activities and helping first-time students make the jump from home-life to college-life, big communities usually only take away from the little free time left in the day and make students feel more isolated and alone. The demand on students to participate in every campus activity in order to form a healthy campus life community pushes students further away from organized groups and makes forming small, exclusive social networks even more desirable. At the beginning of her essay â€Å"Community and Diversity,† Nathan notes most students only feel a sense of togetherness in three areas: â€Å"age, pop culture, and a handful of (recent) historical events† (Nathan 101)—areas that do not exactly function as ties that bind. Even as campuses pour more resources and energy into trying to involve students and to create a functioning community, many students instead opt to reserve time for themselves and small groups of friends, forsaking the large, time-restrictive group for networks of â€Å"individualism, spontaneity, freedom, and choice† (Nathan 105). While these egocentric groups often overlap, they rarely have identical matches, as each student creates his or her own network on a basis of proximity and similar interests. Many of the groups are also either entirely comprised of a single ethnicity or include only one or two persons of different races. Although the large, organized form of campus... ...s purpose and motivation—to provide social structure, to educate, or to merely retain the majority of the freshman class? While a large-scale community can provide students with multiple activities with which to fill their days, it simply cannot offer each student much needed personal care and attention. Although Nathan conducts brilliant observational research in her essay, â€Å"Community and Diversity,† she merely scratches the surface of the situation, reporting on the evidence around her, but not reaching the heart of problem. Students today require a deeper understanding from other students—an understanding they cannot have in a large community. Instead of waiting for small-scale university programming to come along, students have to take matters, and their best interests, into their own hands and create small, private networks that cater to their individual needs.

Juliet is the Better Lover Essay

Romeo and Juliet is Shakespeare’s greatest love story. With all the characters mixed up in love, hate, war and friendship, the bard’s tale spearheads a current debate on whether Romeo or Juliet was the better lover. This paper attempts to prove why Juliet is by far the better lover compared to Romeo. Experts have reason to believe that Romeo and Juliet were actually juveniles. Romeo was fourteen and Juliet was thirteen. This was evident in Elizabethan royalties where sons and daughters of the rich found themselves pre-arranged to sons and daughter of the same class. Girls were allowed to marry as young as 12. Between Romeo and Juliet, Juliet sacrificed more because she had to pursue her love to Romeo given the fact that she was a girl and was the younger of lover. Being a woman, much less a girl during the Elizabethan times meant following very strict rules. Breaking of these rules meant dishonor, disgrace and punishment from her parents. Although the Romeo deserves the same fate from his parents, the gender difference makes all the difference. â€Å"Elizabethan Women were totally dominated by the male members of their family. They were expected to instantly obey not only their father but also their brothers and any other male members of the family. The punishment for disobey was the whipping stool – the Elizabethan girls were beaten into submission and disobedience was seen as a crime against their religion. † (2005) Of the many definitions of love, Scott Peck describes it in his book The Road Less Traveled as; â€Å"The will to extend one’s self for the purpose of nurturing one’s own or another’s spiritual growth. † (Peck, 1978) In this definition between Juliet and Romeo, it is Juliet who has extended herself. Trusting her life to the poison of the priest, she totally follows the plan hoping that through her sacrifice, Romeo and herself can live happily ever after. During those times when total faith is expected and practiced in society, the belief in earthly concoctions is almost equal to belief in witches’ ways. But because of her love for Romeo, Juliet allows her heartbeat to stop for three days choosing a life with her Romeo than a well-off life with her parents and Paris. Compared to the sacrifice of Romeo and Juliet, it is Juliet’s sacrifice that can be considered weighty because she became consistent with her selflessness for her lover. Romeo couldn’t sacrifice his vengeance for his friend who was killed by Juliet’s cousin which made the turns in the story. If love is self-sacrifice then Romeo is a better lover because he killed himself for the love of Juliet but love is not self-sacrifice per se. Love is the act of expanding oneself so that one could evolve from something to something better. To note, Juliet died twice for her Romeo. The first time was when she drank the poison and the second time was when she stabbed herself. So in the matter of the number of times the lovers tried to kill themselves for the love of the lover, it is still Juliet that outnumbered Romeo. She not only outnumbered Romeo in the time she killed herself but in the ways she did it. Romeo only used the poison once but Juliet used the poison and used the dagger to lead her to bleed to death upon her realization that her Romeo was dead. Juliet is the better lover because she was the first one who had to endure a lover’s loss. When Romeo was banished, she grieved for her Romeo more than for her cousin. If Romeo did not instantly grieve the death of his friend, maybe Juliet’s cousin would still be alive, but then again the greatest love story would not have been told. Romeo grieved for Juliet only upon knowing of her death, which made very dramatic and weighty due to his committing suicide. However, the drama did not climax at the end of his suicide but it further gained heights when Juliet took the dagger and impaled it into her chest. â€Å"Suicide is not something that happens for a simple reason. It is impossible to rap up in a nutshell the many reasons a person may want to die. The reasons for suicide range from critical injury and fatal illness to momentary sadness or a sudden and emotionally jarring shock. Some reasons may seem logical (if you are in pain and dying anyway, why prolong the suffering? ) while others seem ridiculous (a crush dumped on you in front of friends and you feel humiliated) but whatever the reason, to the person thinking of suicide, they are unbearable. The fact of the matter is that the vast majority of suicides are the result of a complex combination of circumstances, emotions and a psyche in turmoil. † (Hardcastle, 2007) For Juliet, it was definitely a combination of perplexities during that very moment. But surely among them, she had the option of just continuing her life free of anything and everything. She could start anew because she was dead to her parents and families anyway. However, since she was also young and in shock about the death of her Romeo, the dagger was a quick solution to make her be eternally together with Romeo. Juliet definitely chose love. Physiologically, Juliet is more capable of being the better lover. At fourteen, boys will be boys as could be proven by the rage Romeo had when his enemy killed his friend. The clouding of the mind, never mind if he was about to kill his bride’s cousin but the rage of testosterone controlled Romeo. There are physiological differences between girls and boys that would prove their capability of experiencing true and mature love, as explained by Dr. Gurian, 1999. 1. Adolescent boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed as emotionally disturbed than adolescent girls. Given this, Romeo most likely had decided to kill himself but that decision may have been influenced with disturbed thoughts. 2. Adolescent males are four times as likely to commit suicide as adolescent females. Given this data, the suicide of Romeo would not count so much as Juliet’s suicide due to gender difference. 3. Adolescent males are routinely found to channel other primary feelings; hurt, pain, grief, into anger. Given this, there would be a possibility for Romeo to have committed suicide due to anger at the whole world than due to love for Juliet. 4. Adolescent boys are 15 times as likely as adolescent females to be victims of violent crime. Adolescent boys commit violent crime at a higher rate than adult offenders. Given this data, the suicide of Romeo does not count more in intensity than Juliet in terms of the violence confronting the adolescents. The shock, fear, courage and other emotions of putting the dagger towards her heart has more weight due to the gender difference. 5. Millions of adolescent boys experience post-traumatic stress due to family, cultural, and socio-economic situations. A post-traumatic boy is ten times more likely than his female peer to act out in a way that is dangerous to another person. Proving who the better lover is most difficult but like in any debate, the definitions must be stated clearly. For this paper, love has been defined as the act of self-sacrifice in the most mature circumstances. Love is an act where a person would consistently show in her actions and decisions that she is bound to another because she wishes the other person expansion of himself with her along with him. The sacrifice of Juliet comes early on in the play as can be taken from the excerpt; â€Å"O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name, or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, and I’ll no longer be a Capulet. † The line illustrates that Juliet will decide not to be Capulet if Romeo do not relinquish his name. This decision also illustrates how Juliet was ready to sacrifice her whole identity just for the sake of her lover. Maybe, for Romeo to become the better lover, he should have been more mature than Juliet. Meantime, the bard’s tale is a unique example of truly big women’s capacity to love is. References: †¦. , 2007. Elizabethan Women. http://www. william-shakespeare. info/elizabethan-women. htm Peck, Scott. M. MD. 1978. The Road Less Travelled. P. 81. Touchstone New York Hardcastle, Mike. 2007. Teen Advice. http://teenadvice. about. com/mbiopage. htm Gurian, Michael. PhD. 1999. Ten things each of us should know about adolescent boys.

Counting cells using the pour plate method Essay

In the start of this assignment, I was told to choose one of seven other experiments to do. I chose the Counting cells using the pour plate method because I find it much easier than the other ones. In addition, I have had past experience therefore; it should be straightforward. I also have more knowledge of it than the other experiments. I will be testing the effects of various items on the growth of bacteria. I will investigate using the pour plate method in which I will be counting the cells of bacteria produced, of which are viable. The pour plate method can be used to establish the amount of microbes/mL or microbes/gram in a sample. It has the benefit of not have need of earlier arranged plate, and is usually used to examine bacterial contamination of foodstuffs. While using the pour plate method, a diluted specimen is pipetted in a sterile Petri plate, and next melted agar is tipped in and combined with the specimen. Using this technique permits for a bigger volume of the diluted specimen. This is normally in the choice of 0. 1 – 1. 0ml. This technique yields colonies, which produce colonies all over the agar, not only on the surface. Caution has to be taken with this technique to guarantee that the organism to be counted is able to resist the temperatures linked with the melted agar. Dilution Factor The dilution factor is a number used for getting the whole number of infected cells from the observed data. Microorganisms are usually counted in the laboratory using methods like the viable plate count, where a dilution of a sample is plated onto an agar medium. Following the incubation, plates with 30-300 colonies per standard-sized plate are counted. This number of colonies was selected because the number counted is high enough to have statistical accuracy, so far low enough to avoid nutrient competition among the developing colonies. Each of the colonies is supposed to have arisen from only one cell, but this may not be true if chains, pairs, or groups of cells are not entirely broken apart before plating. The sample has to be controlled so that it consists of a number of cells in the right range for plating. If the cell number is high, the sample is diluted; but if too low, the sample is concentrated. Dilutions are carried out by careful, aseptic pipetting of a known volume of sample into a known volume of sterile water, buffer, or saline. This is mixed well and can be used for plating or further dilutions. If the number of cells is unknown, then a range of dilutions is usually ready and plated. HYPOTHESIS: I predict that the more the dilution is, the lesser the number of colonies. VARIABLES: I have considered the accuracy of my measurements and come to the conclusion hat the dependent variable is the aseptic technique, which in this case was E. coli. This is because I had to measure how much I had to put into each of the sterile distilled water bottles. I did not have to make many measurements but other than measuring, the E. coli and a sample of dilution into the next solution then transfer 1. 0cm3 into the petri dish. Obviously, other events took place among these measurements. The independent variable was the Pasteur pipettes which I had to keep changing every time I used one so that my solutions will not get contaminated. My variables are continuous. This means that each time I done the experiment I had to do the same thing over again, therefore they are continuous. APPARATUS:   Six universal bottles, or capped containers – each containing 9. 0cm3 of sterile, distilled water   Twelve sterile Pasteur pipettes – plugged with cotton wool 1cm3 plastic syringe, fitted with a silicon rubber connector, to attach to Pasteur pipettes   Six sterile Petri dishes   Suitable culture for counting, e. g. E. coli or sample of pasteurised milk   Supply of suitable agar medium, molten, kept in water bath at 45i C   Bunsen burner China graph pencil or spirit marker pen   Discard jar containing disinfectant Incubator at 30i C   Adhesive tape   Alcohol. Ruler The different items must be the same amount as each other and these measurements must be accurate due to incorrect results. To make sure my results are reliable I will make sure I count the cells of bacteria twice so I know if I have made any errors. HEALTH AND SAFETY:   Wear protective clothing (gloves)   Wear eye protection (safety glasses)   Tie hair up   Make sure you don’t throw the plastic syringe and sharpened pencil around due to people being stabbed by a pencil   Make sure hands are washed before and after the experiment, thoroughly with soap and water. Working area must be clean during work   Must be aware of contamination   Everything must be labeled correctly due to confusion and a mix up in solutions   Industrial Methylated Spirit is highly flammable to be careful   If the alcohol in the beaker catches on fire, cover the beaker with a damp cloth PROBLEMS WITH PLATE COUNTS:   They need long incubation for colonies to even show   When cell clump, they can guide to an error in counting the viable cells It is extremely simple to have too less or too many colonies on a plate to precisely measure viable count. Avoidance of squashing usually involves serial dilution TO AVOID CONTAMINATION OR OTHER PROBLEMS: Wash hands with soap thoroughly before and after experiment   Disinfect table before and after experiment   Ensure lid of the plate is not took off completely Do not even put the lid on the table so other bacteria does not get onto plate   Do not cough or sneeze on the plates Work near bunsen burner METHOD: Set up equipment. Label containers of sterile distilled water 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6 and the Petri dishes similarly. Label the Petri dishes on their bases. Shake the sample thoroughly to ensure that it is evenly mixed. Then using aseptic technique, transfer 1. 0cm3 of the container labeled 10-1, using the sterile pipette. After use, place the pipette into the discard jar of disinfectant. Mix this first dilution carefully then. Using a fresh sterile pipette each time, transfer a 1. 0cm3 sample of each dilution separately to each appropriate, labelled Petri dish. Again, using aseptic technique, carefully pour cooled, but molten, sterile agar medium into each Petri dish. Swirl each Petri dish very carefully to ensure that the samples and the agar are evenly mixed. Gently move each dish in a figure of eight pattern, but do not allow the agar to spill over the edge of the dishes. Allow the agar to set, and then fasten each lid with 2 pieces of adhesive tape. Invert the dishes, and incubate at 30i C. After incubation, count the number of colonies present in a dish containing a suitable dilution. Calculate the number of viable cells present in 1. 0cm3 of the original culture. As an alternative to pipetting a 1. 0cm3 sample into each Petri dish and then adding molten medium, a 0. 1cm3 sample may be transferred to a ready poured agar plate. The sample is then spread uniformly over the surface of the agar medium using an alcohol flammed glass spreader. 1. 2. 3. 4. Following a couple of days, various sorts of microbes grow as divided colonies. Cells from separate colonies could be picked up for a subculture. IMPLEMENTING This was a very quick process in which everything had to be complete straight after another. Therefore, measurements also should have been done quickly during the experiment straight away to put into whichever solution it may have been. My results have been recorded according to how much attempts I made. In each attempt, I have shown the dilution factor and how many cells I saw in each square using the see through round scale. The see through round scale had 64 squares in it. Some squares were completely filled therefore I have written that down too. I done three replicate to ensure my results were accurate. 10-6 1422 320 1088 943. 3 My results show that as the dilution factor increases the amount of colonies decrease, as stated in my hypothesis. The decrease is shown as exponential, also there no peaks. According to my results, the values are quite variable, but as predicted. The maximum value in average is at the 10-1 dilution factor, 10688 and the minimum value in average is at the 10-6 dilution factor, 943. 3. Here are my results shown on a line graph: ANALYSING CONCLUSIONS: My hypothesis stated that the more the dilution factor would be, the lesser the number of colonies. Well, according to my results, I was correct. As my dilutions increase, my colonies decrease. This is because, during the experiment when I had to take out 1cm3 of solution from 10-2 and put it into the next, which was 10-3, the E. coli was being shared, and decreased as it was let out through the syringe. When I poured it into 10-3, I had to shake it so it was mixed properly. Subsequently, I did the same again but to the next aseptic technique, which was 10-4. Again, the E. coli was being shared. Obviously, it was lesser than it was in 10-2 because it was also being shared in 10-3 and 10-2. This is why as the dilution factor raises, the colonies fall. ANOMALOUS RESULTS: As shown by my results, I only had one error. This was in my third attempt of the experiment at dilution 10-5. It may have been due to contamination while carrying out that particular part of the experiment. For example, I may have left the lid of the plate on the table, which could have not been disinfected, therefore it picked up other bacteria. Alternatively, it could have just been due to my infective flu, I probably sneezed unintentionally on the plate, which caused the whole plate to be filled with colonies. Other reasons include my hands being dirty. Next time I will make sure I wear gloves, or I sneeze to the side if I do and I ensure that I keep the desk disinfected encase I by chance leave the plate’s lid n the table. However since there was only one error, I do not think it made a huge difference to the experiment since my prediction was still correct. But next time I will be aware of these little mistakes. EVALUATION I think my results were reliable since I just made one error and did not have any other anomalies. However, i think if I was to do the experiment, again, I would improve on avoiding contamination and I would do more replicates to show my results as more reliable. My results do not have a specific trend or pattern in which they decrease in, but the fact that they do not keep increasing and decreasing shows its reliability. My replicate values are not very close together; therefore tell I should have done more replicates for accuracy. I think I may have made parallax errors when counting the cells. This means I may have miscounted the results or over counted them. This may have been because of my bad eyesight or due to distraction while counting. This could have been improved to accuracy if I counted each plate 3 times at least. So the correct amount of colonies in each plate would be certain and not doubted on. On the other hand, I could have used a different method to count the cells to make it easier for me, like using a counting meter. To achieve much accurate results I think, other than avoiding contamination, I could have changed around my method a little so it could have been done quicker or much accurately. For example, I could have just left the petri dishes in the incubator for a little longer or lesser period; I could have also used a different culture for counting. If I were to do the experiment again, I would repeat it more than just 3 times so my results can show more accuracy and I can identify where/when I went wrong. Furthermore, the next time I would limit the temperature to see if that would make a difference in allowing my results to be precise and I would also avoid causing any errors. BIBLIOGRAPHY   http://www. bio. fsu. edu/courses/mcb4403L/dilution. pdf   http://filebox. vt. edu/users/chagedor/biol_4684/Methods/platecounts.html http://biology. clc. uc. edu/fankhauser/Labs/Microbiology/Meat_Milk/Pour_Plate. htm   http://www. microbiologyprocedure. com/microbiological-methods/pour-plate-method. htm   Class notes   Class hand outs   http://www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol4038. htm. Micro Organisms and Biotechnology, John adds. Erica Larkcom. Ruth Miller (Nelson) ISBN 0-17-448269-8   http://books. google. co. uk/books? id=AtjDUn5KfG0C&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=Counting+cells+using+pour+plate+method&source=web&ots=H1ulPxFpd3&sig=S9pvM8ulJXfrta7nuKb74VX4H5w&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA186,M1.