Puryfying Used Cooking Oil free essay sample

The researchers are trying to figure out the effects of sedimentation, activated carbon, and decantation and boiling on purifying used coconut, palm and vegetable oil. The researcher’s experiment resulted to the change of appearance, odour and viscosity of each type of oil. The now purified cooking oil is faster to heat which makes cooking easier, faster and more efficient. The purified oil is quite beneficial however it does not take in as much taste as the unpurified ones. Overall the experiment was very successful in terms of finding the positive differences in each type of oils. The vegetable oil was the best product of all the processes because it had shown the best improvement in all aspects including appearance, odour and viscosity compared to the coconut and the palm oil in the experiment. This study can benefit people who love to cook. Acknowledgements The researchers would like to thank the following for making this study successful: †¢The Anico family for openly welcoming the researchers into their home without hesitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Puryfying Used Cooking Oil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢Ms. Michelle Baldevarona for being patient in helping with the SIP in every step of the way. †¢Most of all, the Heavenly Father for blessing the researchers with minds that are capable of interpreting the information taught and transferring it to useful knowledge. Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Study In the commercial world of fast food restaurants and Filipino homes, lessening expenses is one their main goals. Most fast food restaurants, such as Jollibee and McDonald’s, try to lessen expenses by reusing cooking oil. More than not, they reuse cooking oil without making sure that it is still sanitary and healthy to use in cooking. Because most Filipino dishes include the use of cooking oil, it is a primary ingredient in many dishes. Therefore, many health concerns are raised, such as increase of cholesterol due to the reused fats present when cooking oil is reused without ensuring its sanitary and nutritional value. Cooking oils undergo a complex series of changes and reactions during heating and frying. Used cooking oils could be purified by removing the odour, undesirable taste and colour substances. Activated carbon, the process of decantation, sedimentation and boiling are potential means of improving the quality of the used edible cooking oils. Statement of the Problem Will sedimentation, activated carbon, boiling and decantation purify coconut, palm and vegetable oil? Which oil is the best product from the purification processes? Hypothesis Purified cooking oil is equitable with unpurified cooking oil in terms of content and quality such as appearance, odour and viscosity. Definition of Terms Activated Carbon is a form of carbon processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions. Coconut Oil an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures, by removing a top layer of liquid from which a precipitate has settled. Palm Oil – is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms Sedimentation – natural process where solid materials sink to the bottom given a period of time Vegetable Oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant Significance of the Study The study will benefit people who use cooking oil to prepare meals. This will not only save them money but it can also ensure them that their food would still be edible due to the fact that reused cooking oil can easily become rancid (spoiled) and deteriorated to the point it produces undesirable flavours and odours. Besides ruining what would have been a perfectly good meal, rancid oils also contain free radicals that are potentially carcinogenic. Scope and Limitation This study covered the purification of used cooking oils through the use of activated carbon, the process of decantation and of boiling. The researchers used vegetable oil, palm oil and coconut oil to be experimented on. Variables such as the amount of cooking oil used, the length it took to coo, the temperature and food used to cook were controlled. On the other hand, the manipulated variables were the types of cooking oil. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Uses and Effects Filipinos are fond of using cooking oil in their homes. They are also conscious of saving money by reusing these oils. But when cooking oils are reused without purifying it, some health hazards may occur. One of these is the formation of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) which is due to the food particles left from the previous food cooked which are reheated again. HNE can cause cardiovascular disease, stroke, various liver disorders, and cancer. Activated Carbon Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increases its absorption of liquids when passed through it. This can remove the unwanted food particles and further purify it. Sedimentation Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. Decantation Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures, by removing a top layer of liquid from which a precipitate has settled. Usually a small amount of solution must be left in the container, and care must be taken to prevent a small amount of precipitate from flowing with the solution out of the container. It is frequently used to purify a liquid by separating it from a suspension of insoluble particles. Coconut Oil Coconut oil is an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). It has various applications in food, medicine, and industry. Coconut oil is commonly used in cooking, especially for frying and is a common flavor in many South Asian curries. It has been used for cooking (in tropical parts of the world) for thousands of years. Coconut oil is used by movie theatre chains to pop popcorn, adding a large amount of saturated fat in the process. Palm Oil Palm oil (also known as dende oil, from Portuguese) is an edible vegetable oil derived from mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms. Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit, or coconut oil derived from the kernel of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). The differences are in color (raw palm kernel oil lacks carotenoids and is not red), and in saturated fat content: Palm mesocarp oil is 41% saturated, while Palm Kernel oil and Coconut oil are 81% and 86% saturated respectively. Vegetable Oil A vegetable oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant. Such oils have been part of human culture for millennia. The term vegetable oil can be narrowly defined as referring only to substances that are liquid at room temperature, or broadly defined without regard to a substances state of matter at a given temperature. For this reason, vegetable oils that are solid at room temperature are sometimes called vegetable fats. Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal notion of thickness†. Viscosity is due to the friction between neighbouring particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. Chapter 3 Methodology Subject of the Study This study made us of three kinds of cooking oil which are mainly used in Filipino homes. These cooking oils are namely vegetable oil, palm oil and coconut oil. Materials ? cup of vegetable oil ? cup of palm oil ? cup of coconut oil Activated carbon Bottle where the decantation process will take place Pot where boiling can happen Procedures 1)After the cooking oil has been used, let the oil stand for a while so that the food particles can settle at the bottom. 2) Pour it through a bottle which in the middle contains activated carbon and has holes at the bottom for the oil to pass through. 3)When youve removed the solids and particulates, pour an amount of water equal to the volume of oil into a large pot or kettle with deep sides. Pour in your oil. Add about 1/2 teaspoon of salt per quart of total liquid to the pot. 4)Bring the oil and water mixture to the boil, and then boil it hard for about 5 to 10 minutes. The darker, more scorched, and/or more strongly flavored the oil, the longer you should boil the mixture. 5)Remove from the heat, and set aside to settle out. It takes about 10 to 30 minutes for the oil to completely separate and come to the top. 6)Pour off the water portion as completely as possible and discard. 7)Put the oil portion back into the deep pot or kettle. Over medium heat, bring to the boil (which for oil is hotter, obviously, than for water. Reduce heat until it is boiling and popping a bit, but slowly. The goal here is to evaporate all of the retained water. When the oil becomes very clear looking and no longer makes any sound (no popping or sizzling sounds), has no more bubbles rising, and no more steam comes to the top, its done. 8)Allow to cool, then bottle in an airtight container for reuse. Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Table 1: Observation after Cooking Oils Used and After the Purification Process Type of Cooking OilAppearanceOdour Unpurified Vegetable OilLooks like regular cooking oilContains a subtle scent of something burnt Purified Vegetable OilVery clear yellow colorSmells like original vegetable oil prior to being used Unpurified Palm OilVery dark yellowish-brown colorContains a subtle scent of hotdog Purified Palm OilSlightly lighter shade than previous colorStill contains a subtle scent of hotdog Unpurified Coconut OilMurky yellowish-brown colorContains a subtle scent of hotdog Purified Coconut OilMurky light yellow color Contains a subtle scent that can’t be indentified Major variations were observed before the oils were cooked and after the oils were purified with the processes of sedimentation, activated carbon, decantation and boiling using 6 regular sized hotdogs which were cooked with the temperature between 180 degrees Celsius to 190 degrees Celsius (medium heat) in the span of 5 minutes. Table 2: Viscosity Test Type of Oil1st Trial2nd Trial3rd TrialAverage Unpurified Coconut Oil1. 28 secs0. 98 secs1. 20 secs1. 15 secs Unpurified Palm Oil0. 99 secs1. 15 secs1. 18 secs1. 11 secs Unpurified Vegetable Oil1. 10 secs0. 97 secs1. 15 secs1. 07 secs Purified Coconut Oil 0. 95 secs1. 03 secs0. 91 secs0. 96 secs Purified Palm Oil1. 10 secs0. 93 secs0. 96 secs1. 00 secs Purified Vegetable Oil0. 97 secs1. 06 secs0. 94 secs 0. 99 secs The test was done with 100ml of different cooking oils, both purified and unpurified. The weight dropped into each of the container weighed 50grams. The most viscous liquid was the unpurified cooking oils and the unpurified was the lesser viscous one. The viscosity of the cooking oils affects how fast it takes to heat it. The more viscous a substance is, the longer it will it take to heat it. Although less viscous oils are faster to heat, foods cooked in it do not take in as much as the taste of the oil compared to the more viscous one. The purified oils were less viscous due to the purification processes done with it. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation Summary The outcome of the researchers’ purification of the cooking oils deemed to be successful. These positive differences were proven in the observation table and viscosity test. The three oils used, mainly coconut, palm and vegetable, all showed these differences in their appearance, odour, and viscosity. Conclusion Our experiment proved to be successful in terms of finding key differences in both the used and purified cooking oils. Based on the tables presented; there were significant differences between the unpurified cooking oil and the purified cooking oil in terms of its colour, odour and viscosity. The purified cooking oils; however, proved to be more beneficial in those different aspects. But overall, it was the vegetable oil that was the best product of our purification process because it had the most improvement in appearance, odour and had the lesser change in viscosity compared to the other two. Recommendations For future use and investigation, the researches recommend that a wider variety of oils, such as olive, canola and peanut, should be tested. The researchers also recommend that more purification processes should be tested with the oils to further purify it. And lastly, a nutritionist is recommended to tests the nutritive value of these oils whether or not they have changed after being used and after purifying it.

This essay will look at two different research methods used in the aviation industry The WritePass Journal

This essay will look at two different research methods used in the aviation industry Reference: This essay will look at two different research methods used in the aviation industry It is important for organisations to find out the needs and wants of its customers. Select two different research methods of which one must be quantitative and one qualitative and compare and contrast them. In addition, critically appraise their strengths and weaknesses and their application within your industry. This essay will look at two different research methods used in the aviation industry, these are qualitative research focus group method and quantitative research survey methods. Moreover, in comparing and contrasting these methods, also the author will critically appraise their strengths and weakness as they apply in the aviation industry. Marketing is an activity to improve the flow of goods, services and ideas from producers to consumer needs and wants. The four key aspect which an organisation has to take into version when meeting the needs of its customer is the four Ps, or else known as product, place, price and promotion. These four aspects are often referred to as the four Ps of the marketing mix (Koetler 2003). Through successful use of market and marketing research, organisation should be able to find out the needs and wants of the customer and try to delivers benefits that will enhance or add to the customers lifestyle, while at the same time certify that the fulfilment of these needs results in a healthy turnover for the business (Seaton,1996). And according to Swarbrooke and Horner (2007), passengers’ needs are very important in the aviation industry and customers’ behaviour can influence sales, when their needs and wants are not to given the required attention. The aviation industry is dedica ted to meeting customers’ increasing demands and enabling sustainability at the same time, maintaining environmental responsibility and social development, and economic progress in optimal balance. Besides, the aviation business needs to take into consideration the full potential of the industry which has yet to be realised by business people (Veal, 2006). Consistent withKent(2007) qualitative methods stand in contrast to quantitative methods. The core differentiation between the two groups of methods are that quantitative methods entail numbers, for instance, what is the number of passenger are travelling on a low- cost airlines whereas qualitative method do not. In the case of qualitative methods the information are not base on such analysis. By contrast, with quantitative method, the data collected are vulnerable to statistical analysis and the conclusions are base on such analysis. In consequence, there is a affinity for qualitative method to involve the gathering of large amounts of relatively detailed information about relatively few cases and for quantitative method to involve the gathering of relatively small amounts of data on relatively large numbers of cases (Middleton, 2005).   But generally, research companies cannot expect the ways in which customer think about different products and such methods are unsuitable for expl oring consumer attitudes, feelings, needs or perceptions. It always possible to make hypothetical response and ask customers to agree or disagree, but these may not get at what really matter to forthcoming buyers (Lambin, 2000). On the other hand, Chisnall (2005) indicate the fact that qualitative research provides context, insights and ideas for more research, but also with regard to preferred research methods and philosophical beliefs. Quantitative methods are often believed on objective reality that can be reasonably captured in quantifiable, theoretical frameworks, whereas qualitative methods often rely on a subjective and interpretative understanding of the world. Classically, quantitative research use numerical data, and it characteristically has structured and prearranged research question, theoretical frameworks and designs (Punch, 2005). Nevertheless, Kotler (2006) propose that researches might use quantitative method to test hypothesis, express the market or target population characteristics, and check relationships among variables. The results guide to formal conclusion and recommendation to inform decision-making. The idea is to get sufficient response that the research will feel confident that t he results are representative and reflect the market. According to Masterson and Pickton (2004) ,the essential characteristics of quantitative research are, defined objectives that include hypothesis, focused research design identifies who, how, what, why and when, large enough sample to allow for simplification, and heart of the research. The basic characteristics of qualitative research are, broad objectives; small samples, results tend not to be generalised or target population except for a chosen target group; and it is best used early in order to classify issues and again later in the process to validate (Koetler,2006). In agreement with Chisnall (2001) quantitative methods consists of a questionnaire surveys are useful for getting a great deal of specific information. These are best appropriate for descriptive researches and airlines and airports do use these when carrying out market research. Surveys can enclose open-ended questions for example â€Å"In which city did you board this flight?† Open ended questions have the advantage that the respondent is not limited to the options listed, and that the respondent is not being influenced by seeing a list of responses.   Conversely, open-ended questions are often overlooked out by respondents, and coding them can be quite a challenge. Surveys come in various different forms like mail surveys, in person, through the internet or by putting out questionnaires. One principally interesting point about questionnaires is that they can be adjusted to allow for national differences in insight of service standards, for example. This is an important for an airline like Cathay Pacific which has a multicultural, multinational market.   Many airlines aim their passengers with questionnaire surveys on board, to develop their service level. Hence, researches use different types of questions for questionnaire surveys like closed questions, likert scale, semantic differential and importance scale.   Ã‚  The strengths of some survey methods are relatively inexpensive and large number of people can be surveyed. At the same time surveys have weak point such as response rates are typically quite low and there is no communication and feelings and thoughts will not be expressed as freely as need be thus they can be viewed as unpredictable.(Baker,2007). The benefit for the use of qualitative research method, according to Masterson and Pickton (2004), is to get the member to talk their knowledge, give opinions about situation and to act in reaction to situation or prototypes. A focus group are valuable when the aviation industry wants to initiate a new product or change an existing one.   A focus group commonly involves having some 8-12 people come together in a room to discuss their consumption preferences and experiences.   The group is usually led by a moderator, who will start out talking largely about topics to the product. in most cases, focus groups are very good for getting depth for example, finding out what kinds of issues are important for consumers in a given product category.  The focus group will aim the gap in the aviation industry which has yet to receive potential utilisation by business people. Evaluation of the narrowing gap depicts customer expectations from the airline companies based on customer wants and needs and indicators of presentation impact. Focus groups also have some negative aspects, for example they can be time consuming, difficult to get members enthusiasm to open with their views depending on the question asked and, participants are viewed as a small group representing a whole population (Seaton1996). On the other hand, the strong point of focus group inspire greater intensity of ideas and participants in an interactive way where deep feelings and thought are considered in answering question posed (Middleton, 2001) Business research proposal are important across various professional fields and industries, as they assess the market viability of a business in the modern competitive environment. It is important for a business or organisation to conduct market research that is essential to understand the needs of customers in the competitive business environment. The aviation industry is among the many industries in the economic sector, which faces numerous risks and challenges. It has yet to be exploited to its full potential coupled with a gap in the industry which has not been utilised. While research cannot guarantee the success in decision- making it does at least reduce the risks of making a bad decision. So some research is better than none at all. Ultimately the choice will depend upon the nature of the research question and time and resource available. Reference: Anderson, D. R. (2005). Corporate survival: The critical importance of sustainability risk management. Business Insurance. Australian Airline Group (2008). Risk andOpportunityManagement. Byars, L. (1991): Strategic Management, Formulation and Implementation Concepts and Cases,New York: HarperCollins. Hilltop, J. (1994): European Human Resource Management in Transition;New YorkPrentice Hall Johnson, G. Scholes, K. (1993): Exploring Corporate Strategy. Text and Cases,Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall. Kotter, J. Schlesinger, L. (1991): Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business Review. Lane, L. (2007). Risk and Reward: Getting the right balance, business opportunity and risk management. IT adviser. Nomura, K. (2003). Managing risks in airline industry:Japanand the World Economy. Rampton, L. (2003): Human Resource Management;New York;MelbournePress Romanova,I.(2004). Air Transport in theUK: Current Trends and Future Scenarios.

Comprehension Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comprehension Strategies - Essay Example Systems that are openly distributed can be sources of information whose reliability is not certain. More so, the process of looking up for information in large masses of given data can prove to be a hectic and difficult process. In this life, we are often faced with similar situations calling for the need to make judgments on the reliability of information and the most effective method of accessing such information. Most people depend on the Internet as their main source of information but the uncertainty and complexity associated with the expanding Internet has made the users experience several problems. The problems include; how reliable the information they obtain from the Internet is. Most of the information from the Internet are on pages identified with queried keywords. This is meant to easily get at the information required but it ends up failing to qualify the information obtained with the data on the information sources themselves (George, 2006). Every person has his or her credibility standards when it comes to information they need. In most cases, this depends on the application of the information. This calls for the need to get it right every time one needs to evaluate different sources and settle on a judgment call. Most people depend on the Internet as their main source of information thus they have to be guided against the uncertainties and complexity associated with the expanding Internet. It is also close to impossible for any Internet user to sieve through all the available information from the Internet and pick out the best suited information. Following this situation, it is evident that reputation and trust play an important role in determining the credibility of a particular source. Some of the ways of determining if an Internet source is credible and can be trusted include The other problem is the issue of sematic mapping; the use of key words to locate information from different sources from the Internet can be misleading as the keywords used may have several meanings in relation to the language used or the context. It is also close to impossible for any Internet user to sieve through all the available information from Internet and pick out the best suited information. Following this situation, it is evident that reputation and trust play an important role in checking on such problems. It’s the nature of every human being to put more weight to the ideas and opinions of the people they trust and know well. Hence, by having the process of retrieving information be guided by trust , chances are that such information will end up being more reliable than the information obtained from arbitrary sources. This approach also checks on the information overload issue now that the internet users will only reach out to sources they trust. One can have the confidence to regard a source to be credible if the author of the source has a degree or a better credential on the subject. In a situation where the source has no autho r or the organization is not named, then there are high chances that the source is not credible. More so, there are sources where the authors are named but they end up not being credible (George, 2006). If the work is original, the ideas presented are the ones that have to be evaluated and not the author’

Financial Regulatory Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Regulatory Systems - Essay Example All these points are dealt with close contrast between Australian and Singaporean financial system. The main aim of the paper is to deal with some important points that make a well-structured financial system by comparing the Australian system with that of Singaporean one. It brings sharp contrast of the western financial system with that of Asian. The paper stresses the importance of institutional structure in the design of strong financial regulatory system. After thorough study of sources like International Monetary Fund's report on Australia's and Singapore's financial system, the report of Monetary Authority of Singapore (2006), Perkins, J.N.O., book , The Dergulation of the Australian Financial System: The Experience of the 1980, Ng Nam Sin's speech in 2004, Ginnie Teo's articles on Singapore. There are other sources of information that help to make this paper worthwhile. The main findings of the paper is the structure and functions of the financial regulatory system in Australia and Singapore and the related changes that both the nations have brought in to stand as the ultimate destination the financial sector. The paper concludes with the point that how both the nations are trying to become the regional financial services hub. For this the two countries are ready to bring certain changes in each other system to show their prowess in the financial sector. ... e some recommendations in the form of table, which is vital for financial stability and that's more important for any country to fit into the global financial regulatory system. "Identify and discuss the differences and similarities between the structure of the Australian Financial regulatory system and one Asian country, such as Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia or Hong Kong". Introduction Maintaining financial stability is an important step towards the development of economy. Every nation is now working hard to bring financial stability. It not only checks the inflation but also brings transparency in the financial system, including the activities of hedge funds. The main objectives of the financial regulatory system are to maintain market confidence in the given financial system; to create public awareness of the financial system; to protect the consumers and to minimize financial crime. A well-structured financial regulatory system encourages competition and diversity in the provision of financial services through information disclosure, auditing and enforcement. It is a known fact that the financial system structures changes continually in response to financial innovations and to changes in both the economic environment and the regulatory framework. If we are talking about the world-class financial regulatory system then Australia tops the list. Australia has built a world-class financial sector regulatory regime, which provides security and integrity, through a sound, flexible and strong system of financial regulation. It is specially designed to prevent systemic failure, and avoid unnecessary burdens on business. Even some of the Asian countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. are also trying to ensure a strong financial regulatory

To what extent has globalization influenced one or more aspects of the Essay

To what extent has globalization influenced one or more aspects of the culture in your country illustrate your answer with examples - Essay Example But likewise, as economies become more intertwined, we find that they can also become more vulnerable to unexpected shifts and new forms of opaqueness. This isn’t a reason to turn away from globalization, but it is a reason to be vigilant. This essay will look at the way Russia has become more dependent on other countries through the process of globalization and it will suggest that this has mostly been for the best. Although the exact moment of globalization occurring in Russia is a debatable question considering the length of Russia’s history and its extensive involvement in world affairs, it could be send that most of the post-Soviet period has been marked by the rapid acceleration of Russia’s integration into the world economy. Boris Yeltsin, Russia’s first post-Soviet leader, led the country through a kind of economic shock therapy that involved deregulating markets, selling off state assets, and making Russia a better place to do business. It took awhile for these changes to help make Russia into a stable place to do business, but this began to happen under the premiership of Vladimir Putin. He was helped of course by rising world demand for Russia’s energy and other commodities. Prices for have been increasing a lot in recent years (before collapsing recently), and this helped Russia look to the rest of the world as a good place to do business. Britain decided to go full steam ahead with economic global integration. Of course, with current economic events shaking the world economy, we begin to see some of the potential negative effects of globalization for Russia. The problems point to one of the serious drawbacks of globalization: when you open your economy up to the other economies of the world you can get very rich as long as they do well—but you also become very vulnerable to their problems too. But in the course of this important debate it is vital to remember the benefits that have come with globalization. These changes have not

Alcohol Consumption Interventions

Alcohol Consumption Interventions To investigate how interventions may work we will look at the effects of alcohol consumption on individuals and populations, and draw attention to the search for policies that protect health, prevent health problems such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and disability, and address the social problems associated with the misuse of alcohol consumption. What alcohol policy is why it is needed, which interventions are effective, how policy is made, and how scientific evidence can inform the policy-making process? Also looking at why the higher the average amount of alcohol consumed in a society, the greater the incidence of problems experienced by that society. We will access the policy responses that are considered to reduce alcohol consumption: alcohol taxation, legislative controls on alcohol availability, and age restrictions on alcohol purchasing, media information campaigns, school-based education, community action programs, and treatment interventions. Considering the influence of environments that people live in, effects of cultures and social norms that define the appropriate uses of alcohol. The value of population thinking in alcohol policy, and its ability to identify health risks and suggest appropriate interventions comparing different intervention strategies in terms of their effectiveness, and the ever-changing process that needs to constantly adapt to the evidence of new research results and tested intervention if it is to serve the interests of public health. One of the biggest determinants to alcohol consumption is the advertising and marketing of alcohol products by the drinks industry. The extent and the nature of alcohol marketing will be examined to illustrate its effects on consumption, cultures and social norms. We will show that more evidence is needed to progress education as a viable intervention. Showing evidence that the majority of the population, alter their damaging drinking through the phenomenon of spontaneous remission, maturing out or self change. It is good practice to learn from the past to plan for the future, the control of alcohol production, distribution, and consumption, has been around for thousands of years, such as requiring that all wine be diluted with water before being sold, these were devised by monarchs, governments, and the clergy to prevent alcohol-related problems. But it was not until the rise of modern medicine and the emergence of the world Temperance Movement in the 19th century that alcohol policy was first seen as a potential instrument of public health. Between 1914 and 1921, laws prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all or most forms of beverage alcohol were adopted in the United States, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Finland, and Russia (Paulson 1973). Most of these laws were repealed during the 1920s and 1930s, and replaced by less extreme regulatory policies. To view alcohol policies through the narrowly focused perspective of prohibition, however, is to ignore the fact that most policy-making during the past century has been incremental, deliberate, and respectful of peoples right to drink in moderation.: Alcohol control policies in public health perspective (Bruun et al. 1975), Sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), the monograph drew attention to the preventable nature of alcohol problems and to the role of national governments and international agencies in the formulation of rational and effective alcohol policies. Alcohol control policies stimulated a heated debate not just among academics, but also among policy-makers. The most significant aspect of the book was its main thesis: the higher the average amount of alcohol consumed in a society, the greater the incidence of problems experienced by that society. Consequently, one way to prevent alcohol problems is through policies directed at the reduction of average alcohol consumption, particularly those policies that limit the availability of alcohol. In the early 1990s, a new project was commissioned by WHO to review the development of the world literature pertaining to alcohol policy. The new study produced Alcohol policy and the public good, a book that proved to be as thought-provoking as its predecessor (Edwards et al. 1994). The book concluded that public health policies on alcohol had come of age because of the strong evidential underpinnings derived from the scientific research that had grown in breadth and sophistication since 1975. After reviewing the evidence on taxation of alcohol, restrictions on alcohol availability, drinking and driving countermeasures, school-based education, community action programs, and treatment interventions, it was concluded that: The research establishes beyond doubt that public health measures of proven effectiveness are available to serve the public good by reducing the widespread costs and pain related to alcohol use. To that end, it is appropriate to deploy responses that influence both the total amount of alcohol consumed by a population and the high-risk contexts and drinking behaviours that are so often associated with alcohol-related problems. During the past decade there have been major improvements in the way alcohol problems are studied in relation to alcohol policies. With the growth of the knowledge base and the maturation of alcohol science, there is now a real opportunity to invest in evidence-based alcohol policies as an instrument of public health. In 1994, Edwards and his colleagues provided a broader view of alcohol policy, considering it as a public health response dictated in part by national and historical concerns. Though there was not an explicit definition of the nature of alcohol policy, its meaning could be inferred from the wealth of policy responses that were considered: alcohol taxation, legislative controls on alcohol availability, and age restrictions on alcohol purchasing, media information campaigns, and school-based education, to name a few. Public policies are authoritative decisions made by governments through laws, rules, and regulations (Longest 1998). The word authoritative indicates that the decisions come from the legitimate scope of legislators and other public interest group officials, not from private industry or related advocacy groups. Based on their nature and purpose, alcohol polices can be classified into two categories: allocative and regulatory (Longest 1998). Allocative policies are intended to provide a net benefit to a distinct group or type of organization (sometimes at the expense of other groups or organizations) in order to achieve some public objective. The provision of treatment for alcohol-dependent persons is an example of a policy that seeks to reduce the harm caused by alcohol or to increase access to services for certain population groups. In contrast to allocative policies, regulatory policies seek to influence the actions, behaviours, and decisions of others through direct control of individuals or organizations. Economic regulation through price controls and taxation is often applied to alcoholic beverages to reduce demand and to generate tax revenues. Laws that impose a minimum purchasing age and limit hours of sale have long been used to restrict access to alcohol for reasons of health and safety. From the perspective of this paper, the central purpose of alcohol interventions is to serve the interests of public health and social well-being through their impact on health and social determinants, such as drinking patterns, the drinking environment, and the health services available to treat problem drinkers. Drinking patterns and behaviours that lead to intoxication, which leads to accidents, injuries, and violence. Similarly, drinking patterns that promote frequent and heavy alcohol consumption are associated with chronic health problems such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Alcohol is causally related to more than 60 International Classification of Diseases codes (Rehm, Room, Graham, and others 2003); disease outcomes are among the most important alcohol-related problems. 4 percent of the global burden of disease is attributable to alcohol, or about as much death and disability globally as is attributable to tobacco and hypertension (Ezzati and others 2002; WHO 2002). The conclusions for alcohol policy are the same, whether alcohol is the sole causal factor for or consequence, a causal factor among many others or a factor mediating the influence of another causal factor. In all cases alcohol contributes to social burden, and public policy must strive to reduce this burden, as well as the alcohol-related burden of disease. While there may be some offsetting psychological benefits from drinking (Peele and Brodsky 2000), from the point of view of minimizing the social harm from drinking, the general conclusion is that the lower the consumption, the better. The environmental determinants of alcohol-related harm include the physical availability of the product, the social norms that define the appropriate uses of alcohol (e.g., as a beverage, as an intoxicant, as a medicine), and the economic incentives that promote its use. Health and social policies that influence the availability of alcohol, the social circumstances of its use, and its retail price are likely to reduce the harm caused by alcohol in a society. Overall, the conclusion must be that alcohol consumption levels affect the health of a population as a whole. In addition to this, the predominant pattern of drinking in a population can have a major influence on the extent of damage from alcohol consumption. Patterns that seem to add to the damage are drinking to intoxication, and recurrent binge drinking. Another important determinant of health in relation to alcohol is the availability of and access to health services, particularly those designed to deal with alcohol dependence and alcohol-related disabilities. Alcohol-related health services can be preventive, acute, and rehabilitative, and can be either voluntary or coercive. Health policies have a major impact on the alcohol treatment and preventive services available in people within a country through health care financing and the organization of the health care system. Bondy S.J. (1996) Public health is concerned with the management and prevention of diseases and injuries in human populations. Unlike clinical medicine, which focuses on the care and cure of disease in individual cases, public health deals with groups of individuals, called populations. The value of population thinking in alcohol policy is in its ability to identify health risks and suggest appropriate interventions that are most likely to benefit the greatest number of people. The concept of population is based on the assumption that groups of individuals exhibit certain commonalities by virtue of their shared characteristics (e.g., gender), shared environment (e.g., towns, countries) or shared occupations (e.g., alcoholic beverage service workers) that increase their risk of disease and disability, including alcohol-related problems (Fos and Fine 2000). They also provide epidemiological data to monitor trends, design better interventions, and evaluate programs and services. In the context of the public good served by effective alcohol policy refers to those things that benefit most for a given society. One such public good would be effective intervention that would reduce alcohol related harm. Just as the eradication of malaria or (HIV) infections globally are seen as global public goods (Smith et al 2003). By locating alcohol policy within the realm of public health and social policy, rather than economics, criminal justice, or social welfare, Authorities tend to approach alcohol as a major determinant of ill health. Health is viewed not only as the absence of disease and injury, but also as a state in which the biological, psychological, and social functioning of a person are maximized in everyday life (Brook and McGlynn 1991). The way in which health is defined and valued within a society has important implications for alcohol policy. If it is defined narrowly as the absence of disease, then the focus is often placed on the treatment of alcohol dependence and the clinical management of alcohol-related disabilities, such as cirrhosis of the liver and traumatic injuries. If health is defined more broadly, then alcohol policy can be directed at proactive interventions that help many more people attain optimal levels of health. Health is influenced by a variety of factors, including the physical, social, and economic environments that people live in, and by their genetic make-up, their personal lifestyles, and the health services that they have access to. An attempt is made to synthesize what is known about evidence-based interventions that can be translated into policy. By comparing different intervention strategies in terms of their effectiveness, scientific support, generalism, and cost, it becomes possible to evaluate the relative appropriateness of different strategies, both alone and in combination, to present problems and future needs. As the scientific basis for alcohol policy begins to take shape, it is becoming apparent that there is no single definitive, much less politically acceptable, approach to the prevention of alcohol problems; a combination of strategies and policies is needed. If this realization is sobering, so too is the conviction, argued in this paper, that alcohol policy is an ever-changing process that needs to constantly adapt to the evidence of new research results and tested intervention if it is to serve the interests of public health. It will require extraordinary measures, some of them relatively painless to implement, others more demanding in terms of resources, ingenuity, and public support. Another important factor is the social norms of a society where there are important differences in the cultural meaning of drinking for men and women. Societies normative expectations regarding the use of alcohol vary across age groups and between men and women. In some societies, drinking has been almost exclusively a province of men (Roizen 1981), In many societies, abstention rates increase in the later stages of life for both men and woman (Demers et al. 2001; Taylor et al. 2007). This reflects social norms as older people are not suppose to get intoxicated and party as is common amongst young people. Most societies use taxation of alcoholic beverages to bring in revenue in larger or smaller quantities to relevant budgets. Alcoholic beverages are, by any reckoning, important, economically. The benefits connected with the production, sale, and use of alcohol come at an enormous cost to society. Public health specialists and policy-makers who forget this fact do so only at their peril (Edwards and Holder 2000). Also social customs and economic interests should not blind us to the fact that alcohol is a toxic substance. It has the potential to adversely affect nearly every organ and system of the body. No other commodity sold for ingestion, not even tobacco, has such wide-ranging adverse physical effects. Taking account of alcohols potential for toxicity is therefore an important task for public health policy. Especially the past decade, it can be said that remarkable progress was made in the scientific understanding of alcohols harmful effects, as scientists discovered biological, chemical, and psychological explanations for humans propensity to consume what has been called the ambiguous molecule (Edwards 2000). One of the biggest determinants to alcohol consumption is the advertising and marketing of alcohol products by the drinks industry. The extent and the nature of alcohol marketing have changed globally in the last decade, and the research has also expanded considerably to better understand its effects. Most of the new research is directed to the measurement of the impact of marketing on youth. More is now known about the effects of marketing on younger peoples beliefs and intentions to drink as well as on their drinking behaviour. Research has investigated the impact of marketing other than the broadcast and print media advertising, although some of the new media and marketing approaches being used by the alcohol industry remain unmeasured and under-researched. The first examination is the current state of alcohol marketing and what is known about the way in which marketing has its impact. Second, two different policy approaches codes of content and restrictions to reduce exposure are assessed for their likely impact on consumption and harm. Interventions that change exposure to advertising have often been limited and evaluations have mixed findings. More effort has gone into the establishment of codes aimed to affect the content of the advertising. Conclusions regarding the likely effects of these approaches can be made based on theoretical understanding and empirical evidence about the way in which marketing has its effects and its measured impacts. Conclusions may also be informed by research on tobacco advertising where the impacts are established and widely accepted (Lovato et al. 2004; Henriksen et al. 2008). The alcohol industry insists that they only advertise to promote their own particular brands, and that the advertising does not affect any rise in the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Research and evidence shows that the commodity chain analysis highlights the importance of advertising, sponsorship and other forms of marketing to a globalized alcohol industry (Jernigan 2006). The marketing of the products and brand(s) produced is essential for the profit-making enterprise. Marketing now involves much more than advertising using traditional media outlets such as print, television, and radio. Marketing exploits the possibilities provided by the design of products. New products and packaging have been developed to meet the needs and wants of different sectors of the market (Brain 2000). Pre-mixed drinks in which spirits or beer are made more palatable by the addition of a soft drink base or fruit flavourings have expanded in sales very rapidly and have become associated in some contexts, but not all, with heavier consumption (Huckle et al. 2008b). Packaging has increased acceptability and palatability of alcoholic beverages among young people (Copeland et al. 2007; Gates et al. 2007). It utilizes a range of new media opportunities including electronic means, and a key element is the sponsorship of sporting and cultural events. The measured media (usually broadcast and print) is known to be an underestimation of the marketing effort by a factor of two to four (Anderson et al. 2009b). Marketing at the place of sale has become increasingly important with an expansion of alcohol sales into more retail outlets. This often goes hand in hand with pricing promotions. For example buy-some-get-some-free (Jones and Lynch 2007). Promotion of alcohol brands in electronic media is a major part of marketing. Advertising is also shown in cinemas and this is increasingly supplemented by product placement in movies and television. Newer forms of electronic communication such as internet networking sites e-mail and cell phones have also provided new opportunities for alcohol promotion which are popular with young people (Jernigan and OHara 2004). Sports and cultural events, particularly those with appeal to young people, are widely sponsored by alcohol brands. They also provide opportunities for direct marketing through free gifts and exclusive pourage rights (Hill and Casswell 2004). Carlsbergs sponsorship of the EURO 2004 football/soccer championship was reported to grow the brand by about 6% worldwide; Carlsberg told shareholders that its signage had appeared in the background of television sport coverage for an average of 16 minutes per game (Carlsberg 2006). Much of marketing, including that based on sponsorship, crosses national boundaries. (Breen 2008). The theology is that the first stage is liking alcohol advertisements, followed by a desire to emulate the featured characters (including those that depict the lifestyle of young adults), and then the belief expressed that acting this way will result in positive benefits (Austin et al. 2006). Much of the marketing that targets young people is driven by an understanding of the importance of alcohol consumption for identity formation. The advertising is designed to provide humour, attractive ideas, images, phrases, and other resources that are used in the process of peer-to-peer interaction as identity is formed and communicated (McCreanor et al. 2005). The longitudinal studies have been subjected to systematic reviews. The strength of the association, the consistency of the findings, the temporal relationship, the dose-response relationship and the theoretical plausibility of the effect have led to the conclusion that alcohol advertising increases the likelihood that young people will start to use alcohol and will drink more if they are already using alcohol (Jernigan 2006; Smith and Foxcroft 2009; Anderson et al 2009b). Experience with policies to restrict the negative impacts of marketing is less well developed than with other areas of alcohol policy. In part this reflects the rapid developments and financial investment in marketing and media over the last four decades and a failure of policy developments to keep abreast of marketing practices. Research has suggested that voluntary codes are subject to under-interpretation and under-enforcement (Rearck Research 1991; Saunders and Yap 1991; Sheldon 2000; Dring and Hope 2001; Jones et al. 2008); including a bias in favour of the corporations represented on the decision-making board (Marin Institute 2008a). There are also documented cases of the instability of such voluntary codes in response to changing market conditions (Martin et al. 2002; Hill and Casswell 2004). Following the introduction of a co-regulatory approach in the UK, in which a government agency was delegated the handling of broadcast complaints to the Advertising Standards Authority (funded by the Alcohol industry), a code change was introduced. Research demonstrated that advertisements continued to contain attributes that appealed to young people and the data showed a link between exposure to advertisements and consumption of specific beverages (Gunter et al. 2008). This substantial body of research has shown that, even if alcohol marketing remains in line with codes on alcohol advertising content, it nevertheless encourages drinking and has an impact on younger peoples beliefs and alcohol consumption levels. A recent analysis of self-regulation by the alcohol industry in the UK concluded it was not an effective driver of change towards good practice (KPMG 2008b). Overall there is no evidence to support the effectiveness of industry self-regulatory codes, either as a means of limiting advertisements deemed unacceptable or as a way of limiting alcohol consumption (Booth et al 2008). Research has also suggested that the effects of marketing on beliefs about alcohol counteract any possible effect from health promotion activities (Wallack 1983; Centre on Alcohol Marketing and Youth 2003). Recipients, who bring their own cultural and social experiences to their interpretation of the marketing, may perceive heavy drinking or intoxication as represented within the advertising even when it is not shown directly (Duff 2003; McCreanor et al 2008). This is particularly likely to have an impact on efforts to reduce heavier drinking as a cultural norm. Direct effect on exposed individuals is not the only concern which underpins restrictions on marketing, however. It is possible that widespread marketing, which promotes alcohol as a positive and commonplace element of everyday life, has an impact on social norms around alcohol which may, in turn, affect the acceptability of more restrictive policies and practice. In effect, marketing is a force for ensuring that alcohol is dealt with as if it were an ordinary commodity (Casswell 1997). There is clearly a need for an independent review of the evidence, with a view to impose restrictions that can meet public health goals. In some jurisdictions there are restrictions, typically by regulation, on exposure to alcohol marketing by media type, beverage type, time of broadcast or composition of media audiences (particularly of younger people). Most research has focused on exposure of young people to the measured media. This varies by country. In the USA, young people aged 15-26 years on average reported seeing the equivalent of almost 360 advertisements per year, the majority on television. Restrictions imposed by agreement among industry actors are inherently unstable. In the context of the EU and other trade agreements, they may be subject to legal attack as an illegal restraint of trade. They may also be easily breached or dropped. The effect of partial bans was also reported not to have affected consumption in seventeen countries over 26 years (Nelson 2008a), in a study with material that included at least fifteen consequential changes in bans. A comprehensive regulation of alcohol marketing, and one which has maintained political support for more than a decade, one of the key elements of the Loi Evin (relevant to the need to control the current ongoing proliferation of marketing approaches) is that advertising of alcohol is prohibited in all media unless the law provides for an exemption; there is a complete ban on sponsorship and on advertising in many media, including television and cinema. Such advertising regulation has been challenged. However, restrictions on alcohol advertising to meet public health goals have been upheld by the courts, although sometimes with some modification. However, the findings of an effect of exposure to marketing put the question of controls on advertising high on the policy agenda. The extent to which effective restrictions would reduce consumption and related harm in younger age groups must remain somewhat of an open question. The most probable scenario, based on the theoretical and empirical evidence available, is that extensive restriction of marketing would have an impact. The evidence suggests there can be other effective restrictions other than advertising, strategies such as availability can have an effect studies of restriction on alcohol availability support the conclusion that such strategies can contribute to the reduction of alcohol problems. The best available evidence comes from studies of changes in retail availability, including reduction in hours and days of sale, limits on the number of outlets and restriction on retail access to alcohol. For young people, laws that raise the minimum legal drinking age reduce alcohol sales and problems. This strategy has the strongest empirical support (Shults et al 2001; Wagenaar and Toomey 2002), with dozens of studies finding substantial impact on traffic and other casualties from change of the drinking age. The cost of raising the drinking age is low, and as the evidence shows that in the USA they estimated that thousands of lives have been saved over the last decade (Wagenaar et al. 1998). A WHO analysis of the relative cost of a restricted access option estimated that Saturday closing would have considerable societal benefits in most parts of the world, though that would still be less than the result from a substantial price rise in alcohol via taxation.(Chisholm et al. 2006; Anderson et al. 2009a) This provides evidence that regulations backed up with enforcement can be effective in reducing alcohol consumption and problems; this is also used to force all sellers to hold a specific license to sell alcohol beverages, if there is any sales infringements the license can be suspended or revoked. As well as restrictions and regulation strategies, measures to reduce the harm in drinking situations are thus a useful option in the mix of strategies for preventing, alcohol-related problems. The less the political process is willing to support general alcohol control and tax measures the more important local harm reduction measures become. Alcohol policies are primarily the concern of local, regional, and national governments, which often view the provision of treatment as part of a comprehensive approach to alcohol-related problems. In addition to its value in the reduction of human suffering, treatment can be considered as a form of prevention. When it occurs soon after the onset of alcohol problems, it is called secondary prevention; when it is initiated to control the damage associated with chronic drinking, it is called tertiary prevention. As one of the first societal responses to alcohol problems, treatment interventions have not been critically examined as policy options, despite the resources they consume and the scientific evidence that is available concerning their effectiveness and costs. To what extent are alcohol treatment and early intervention services effective in reducing population rates of alcohol-related harm? Other questions relevant to treatment policy include the following: Should people with these conditions be managed within the general health care system, specialized addiction services, social welfare agencies, psychiatric facilities, the criminal justice system, or a combination of these entities? What is the optimal amount and best combination of services needed to serve the needs of a country or a geographic area? What kinds of treatment systems are best suited to prevent the marginalization of people with chronic alcohol problems? How can treatment services best be organized to provide the most effective treatment at the lowest cost? Treatment for alcohol problems typically involves a set of services, ranging from diagnostic assessment to therapeutic interventions and continuing care. Researchers have identified more than 40 therapeutic approaches, called treatment modalities, which have been evaluated by means of randomized clinical trials (Miller et al. 1995). Examples include motivational counselling, relapse prevention training, marital and family therapy, aversion therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, pharmacotherapy, and interventions based on the Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. These modalities are delivered in a variety of settings, including residential facilities, psychiatric and general hospital settings, outpatient programmes, and primary care. More recently, treatment services in some countries have been organized into systems that are defined by linkages between different facilities and levels of care, and by the extent of integration with other types of services, such as mental health, drug dependence treatment, and mutual help organizations (Klingemann et al. 1993; Klingemann and Klingemann 1999). Most treatment research and the scientific evidence derived from it are component-based, focusing on a single intervention or episode of care. In general, the research, evidence can be organized according to three types of intervention within the emerging treatment systems of countries where information on efficacy and effectiveness is available, interventions for non-dependent high-risk drinkers, formal treatment) for problem drinking and alcohol dependence, and mutual help interventions. Harmful drinking typically precedes the development of alcohol dependence, and by definition it can cause serious medical and psychological: problems in the absence of dependence. With the increased interest in clinical preventive services in both developed and developing countries, early intervention programmes have been developed by WHO and national agencies to facilitate the management of harmful drinking in primary health care and other settings Interven

ICQ Essay -- Communication Technology Computers Essays

ICQ "Uh oh!" At the familiar, high-pitched voice, my head snaps up from the assignment I am completing half-heartedly and turns to my computer screen. My hand has already moved unconsciously towards the computer's mouse, even before my eyes even make contact with the screen. Sure enough, the sound indicated that a message awaits me, and I double-click on the flashing yellow icon in the bottom right corner of my screen. For almost an hour now, I have been engaged in this "conversation" over ICQ, an Internet-chat program, with a high school friend who currently attends another university. I am also chatting simultaneously with four other friends about separate topics. Ever since coming to college, ICQ and email have become my primary methods of keeping in contact with, leaving messages for, and having discussions with my friends. When I meet a person, the first means for establishing future contact is no longer "What is your phone number?" but rather, "What is your email address?" which is closely followed by "Do you have ICQ?" Electronic communication media are not only convenient, but they are economical and allow instantaneous contact. If I initiate an ICQ Chat with one of my friends, I can even save it as a file and replay the conversation with every detail, including the misspellings and corrections. Information technology has boomed in the last ten years or so. We seem to have landed in the middle of a completely networked world without quite knowing how we got there. Distance no longer inhibits communication, and we have become a world that is better connected. Or have we? My freshman year college roommate spent his entire freshman year ICQ-ing, IM-ing (i.e. Instant Messenger, America... ... Perhaps driving to the store, picking out groceries, and getting into an argument with the checkout person will do us more good than the half hour we save by grocery shopping through HomeRuns.com. A little over a week ago, when a virus wiped out my computer, I lost network access in my room. I dreaded the inconveniences I would face before getting my computer fixed. No more ICQ, no more instant email. For a two weeks now, I have needed to check my email in a friend's room, read a newspaper to find out the news and the weather instead of checking cnn.com, and make phone calls in order to locate people instead of ICQing them. As I evaluate these two Internet-less weeks, however, I find that I have had more intellectually stimulating conversations in this week than I have had in the previous month. Who knows? I may resist the desire to fix the connection.

India Water Pollution

What  is  India  Doing  to  Control  Water  Pollution   Caused  by  Sewage  Waste? Studies  found  that  sewage  waste  is  the  main  cause  of  water  pollution  in  India. The  problem  is caused  by  the  poor  treatment  of  dumping  sewage  and  the  failure  to  maintain  sewage  treatment  plants. The  Central  Pollution  Control  Board,  a  company  that  monitors  environmental  issues  in  India,  has created  the  National  Water  Quality  Monitoring  Network,  which  monitors  the  quality  of  waters  all  year. The  network  monitors  waters  all  over  India.Samples  of  water  are  taken  frequently  and  checked  for bacteria  and  other  harmful  substances  within  the  water. Other  ways  of  sewage  treatment  include  air flotation,  dual  media  filter,  activated  carbon  filter,  sand  filtration  and  sludge  drying  beds. These  methods all  take  place  in  sewage  treatment  plants. Water  treatment  plants  are  very  expensive  and  are  needed  to be  maintained  constantly. Removal  of  sludge  is  said  to  be  the  most  untreated  area  of  water  treatment. This  is  because  of  the  poor  design  and  poor  maintenance  of  the  sludge  treatments. India  has  set  policies to  control  sewage  pollution  in  water. he  Ministry  of  Environment  and  Forests  has  created  financial  and technical  support  systems  to  promote  the  proper  treatment  of  water. The  problem  with  India’s  water treatment  is  that  the  government  is  not  putting  enough  effort  into  making  the  water  Ã‚  usable  for  its  citizens. The  government  should  promote  the  health  hazards  and  future  issues  of  water  pollution  so  the  citizens can  learn  to  treat  their  water  better. Informing  citizens  is  also  a  way  of  treatment  because  people  will  be aware  of  the  issues  water  pollution  will  cause  for  them  and  therefore  they  will  take  action.

Greek Mythology

Greek Mythology Greek Mythology Creon is one of the most famous figures in Greek mythology. His character is known as the leader of Thebes in the myth about Oedipus. In the legend, Creon has two children, Menoeceus and Haemon. During the story, reader understands that the main character and his sister Jocasta were offsprings of Sparta and Cadmus. Creons figure appeared in various stories, legends, and myths. Formerly, this character was created by Sophocles. After some time, Creon became the hero in Shakespeares and Fletchers play The Two Noble Kinsmen and in Chaucers story The Nights Tale. This figure was interpreted variously in different works. Truthfully, inspite of different interpretations of Creons figure, his character is known all over the world as Sophocles creature. Creon is the central hero in three of Sophocles Theban tragedies. He comes over a transformation during the line of the story. In Oedipus the King, Creon seems to be a completely rational man. In the play Antigone, Creon is shown as an absolute tyrant. His mind refuses to recognize the connection of the family love which ties Antigone to her brother Polyneices. The play Antigone tells the story of Antigone, the spawn of Oedipus. Nevertheless, Antigone is not the only character of concentration in this tragedy. Creon is also the central character of the play. He is the king of Thebes and Antigones uncle. As Creons character develops during the story, reader can understand that his actions are ruled by intrinsic individual traits. The first feature is an order requirement and the second one a sense of morality. With taking the throne, the main character becomes fixated on the states interests. When the military conflict arose, Creon was desperate to continue a sense of order in the kingdom. One reason for this is his wish to solidify his own rules. Therefore, obliged by his necessity of order, he decrees that no one may put in the ground or grieve the corpse of Polynices, Antigone's brother, who was considered a betrayer. By doing this, Creon hopes that he will repress feelings of arrogance in people who support Polynices. He says that there is no empty room for pride. Indeed, he lefts a tiny room for something that is able to worsen the stability of Thebes and is eager to convict his niece and potential fiancee to his child. The main Creons fear is his phobia of losing the order which, in turn, will weaken the rule and cause Thebes to move down into disorder and chaos. If closer analyze Creons character, it becomes obvious that, although he seems heartless, his dealings are moderately governed by the sense of morality. However, his desire to control everyone and everything induces him to kill everyone who defies his verdict. He cannot bring himself to put to death Antigone. So even the prisoner can notice this when she says, your moralizing repels me. At least, Creon overcomes his moral reasoning and denies from his punishment. The ruler travels at first to Polynices' rotting dead body and performs the appropriate cremation. Then, the kings sense of morality leads him to free Antigone although this appears to be too late. To my mind, Creon is one of that many people who only waste their lives fascinated by things they believe in and thus are incapable to recognize the anything that is contrary to their beliefs. Creon is like the person of a cave. He sees only his need for order and is blind to anything that can disagree with this. During the play, Creons character progresses obliged by the sense of morality, and he starts to change his beliefs. He tries to do his best to break the bonds he has completed for himself. Alas, his understanding comes too late; as a result, Creons dealings turn him back to the cave. In the play Oedipus, Creon has the highest position. Creons frugality, manipulations, and the same authority as Oedipus and Jocasta lead him to be victorious in his position and to be the viewer of the kings throne. Creon is shown to the reader as a wise person, who has his own opinion which is different from others. His belief is free from the influence of the society and people around him. Creon is a political figure who holds high regard for public order and leads the society to think in a different way. Creon is shown in the play in isolation with Thebes people. If to compare Creon to Oedipus, these two characters are completely different. This difference is quite observable. For example, when the main character brings news from the oracle, he wants to tell this secretly and privately to Oedipus. However, the second one would like better to hear the news in the presence of a lot of other ears. He wants to listen to it publically. Creon says that Oedipus is like a businessman who orientates on politics; because of this, he is a manipulation master. Reflecting on the equal event, the main character does not tell upon stable persistence from Oedipus with that of Jocasta. He brings onwards his estimation and motive against the ruler. He says that Oedipus and Jocasta rule together but without equivalent authority; in his opinion, Oedipus is only the ruler according to the name and title but no more. Later, his point of view is privileged when he is prepared to be exiled. The spectators then share kindness concerning him. After this, Creon becomes a sensible man with a powerful purpose of the public arrangement and impartial ruling. Creon is the only individual who wins the game. He was truly a person with a hidden agenda; thanks to his intelligence, he overcomes every challenge and gets the thing he wishes.

Critical Investagtion of the importance of Computer security (SME) within Business The WritePass Journal

Critical Investagtion of the importance of Computer security (SME) within Business Critical Investagtion of the importance of Computer security (SME) within Business INTRODUCTIONREFERENCESRelated ABSTRACT The development of computer system has revolutionised business firms in the world. Business firms virtually rely on computer systems in storing information which is a very vital resource in any business because it is the success of the business. However, the safety of the computer systems needs to be ensured considering the importance and relevance of the information stored in it. One of the most important barricades in the success of the use of computers in business firms, most especially in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SME) is the negligence to computer security. Over the years, it has been discovered that small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) are more prone to potential intruders than the larger enterprise due to common and vast knowledge of popular operating systems and application software’s (e.g. MySQL Database and Microsoft respectively). The internet has created opportunities in the implementation of innovative business applications such as electronic commerce, electronic data interchange and inter-organisational systems (Sousa, KJ et al. 2005), which has kept both business firms and customers vulnerable to threats. We will critically outline the various computer threats in our introduction chapter. Computer security threats keeps multiplying and is still expected to multiply [4]. Taking all of those into consideration, the importance of computer security in business (SME) cannot be over emphasized. Accordingly, the general purpose of this academic write-up is to outline the importance of computer security in business; basically in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME). First and foremost, we would critically define computer security, the various kinds of computer threats and their respective security measures. Also, we would explain what SME is all about, some examples of SME and the use of computer in SME. At last, we would critically outline the importance of computer security in business (SME). INTRODUCTION The basis of computer security comprises of the reply to the question â€Å"What is computer security†. The word â€Å"Security† means to protect or could mean to freedom or prevention from danger, risk or damage. Therefore, computer security which is also referred to as Information Security can be defined as the protection of data and information in a system from or against authorized users or recipients. In other words, computer security is the ability of the computer system to guard data and information against intruders, unauthorized users or malicious users with confidentiality and integrity. Furthermore, computer security is broken down into an acronym CIA which describes the basic goals of computer security and its aim is to protect the data and the system processing the data. The acronym means Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. Confidentiality ensures that data and information is kept away from intruders, unauthorized users or malicious users but yet still made available to those users who are authorized to access the data and information. This is also applied to the system processing the data, the network and other devices that are in the network and the computer system itself. Most times, these data are classified into three (3) levels. Some data are classified as public which means that anyone can access the data; some data are classified as company property which means that only users within the company can access the data and while some data is classified at the government level such as top-secret data which is only accessible by users within the government. To ensure the confidentiality of data and information, some security measures are implemented known as â€Å"Controls† such as authentication controls, encryption controls, etc. Integrity ensures that the data and information in the computer system has not been tampered or altered by intruders, unauthorized users or malicious users and even the authorized users. It guarantees that the data and information has not been changed or destroyed either accidentally or intentionally by intruders, unauthorized users or malicious users. It also ensures that the data and information remains in its authorized state or form. In order to ensure the integrity of data and information, several measures such as hashing or encryption, auditing is implemented. Availability ensures that data/information and systems are made available to only authorized users for use. It protects the authorized users from all sorts of events that may not allow them access to the system and data in the system e.g. accidental events and malicious events. In order to protect the availability of data, some measures are implanted such as backups, server clusters, and redundant systems. Other terminologies associated with computer security are â€Å"Vulnerability† and â€Å"Threat†. Every part of a network such as the computer, people, network devices, operating systems, etc. have unique weaknesses which is called Vulnerability. In order words, vulnerability is a weakness in computer systems. Vulnerability can be exploited. Exploiting vulnerability is the use of weaknesses in diminishing the system security. Therefore, an action taken to exploit against vulnerability by unauthorized or malicious users is known as Threat. Threats can be natural or man-made, intentional or accidental, technology.  Ã‚  Ã‚   REFERENCES David A. Bradbard, Dwight R. Norris, Paramjit H. Kahai 1990, Computer Security in Small Business: An Empirical Study, Journal of Small Business Management, vol 28. Sousa, Kenneth J; MacDonald, Laurie E; Fougere, Kenneth T 2005, Computer Security in the Introductory Business Information Systems Course: An Exploratory Study of Textbook Coverage, Journal of Education for Business, vol 81, p. 15.

7.5 part 1 review questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

7.5 part 1 review questions - Coursework Example Planning should also encompass an anticipation and evaluation of the impacts of future developments (Oz 98). Planning should also entail building a shared vision and undertaking decisions on what goals an organization wants to obtain. The action plan for the organization should explain on what actions to undertake to reach their set goals. Prototyping refers to the rapid development and testing of working models of new applications in an interactive and iterative process that involves both IS specialists and business professionals. Prototyping ensures the development process is faster and easier for business professionals and IS specialists. Prototyping has opened up the application development process for end-users as it simplifies and accelerates systems designs. The advantage of prototyping is that it is extremely useful where there is uncertainty about design solutions or requirements. Prototyping is also useful in producing systems that meet user requirements. Prototyping is also vital in designing an information system’s end user interface. The disadvantage of prototyping is that when it is rapidly conducted it can gloss over vital steps in systems development. Prototyping can also fail to have essential security controls built in. rapidly constructed systems can also fail to accommodate large volumes of data or users. What does SDLC stand for? What are the phases of the SDLC? Explain in one or two sentences of your own words what happens in each phase. If problems occur during the SDLC, is it better to identify and solve those problems near the beginning or the end of the SDLC process? SDLC stands for systems development life cycle. It refers to an application development life-cycle. It is a commonly used term in information systems, software engineering, and systems engineering. SDLC gets used to elaborate a process for planning, testing, creating, and developing an information system. There are several stages

Inventory & Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inventory & Inflation - Essay Example This process normally involves controlling the units coming in with an aim of preventing the inventory from excessively rising or declining to levels that are too low to jeopardize the operation of the business. Proficient inventory management seeks to control the costs of goods from the perception of the tax burden and the total cost of goods. Inventory management and inflation are concepts that are closely related in the running of the business. The increase of prices of goods and services determines the units to be purchased since this is influenced by the money at hand. If the capital of the business remains constant, the goods being purchased reduces due to increase in their prices. One has to monitor the trend of the inventory since this determines the time and process of making an order. First moving goods are purchased regularly as compared to those that take a longer period of time. Inflation does not only affect the business owners but also the consumers of goods. For instance, when prices go up, the purchasing power of the consumer is reduced. This forces the consumer to do away with some commodities since there those which are given more priority than others. The business owner has to make a decision on which goods should be stocked basing on the fact that his purchasing power has also reduced due to